АНГЛИЙСКИЙ 2 страница

Произношение –ed в конце глагола
/Id/	/t/	/d/
после /d/, /t/	после /s/, /∫ /, /t∫ /, /f/, /k/, /p/,	после других звуков
posted	laughed	cleaned

Времена глагола

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛА TO BE PAST SIMPLE
Утвердительная форма
I was		It was
You were		We knew
He was		You knew
She was		They knew

Отрицательная форма
Полная форма		Краткая форма
I was not	It was not	I wasn’t	It wasn’t
You were not	We were not	You weren’t	We weren’t
He was not	You were not	He wasn’t	You weren’t
She was not	They were not	She wasn’t	They weren’t

Вопросительная форма
Was I?		Was it?
Were you?		Were we?
Was he?		Were you?
Was she?		Were they?

Past Simple, Past Continuous

PAST CONTINUOUS (ПРОШЕДШЕЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ)

Past Continuous используется

Для описания длительного действияв прошлом с указанием времени. I was translating this article from five till six o’clock. Для выражения длительного действия, которое было в процессе в указанное время. At 8 o’clock she was listening to music. Для описания действий, которые происходили в одно и то же время в прошлом. They were dancing while he was playing the piano. Для выражения длительного действияв прошлом (Past Continuous), которое было прервано другим действием (Past Simple). Не was walking down the street when he heard a strange noise. Для описания фона, на котором происходят основные события. We were walking in the woods. It was raining. A cold wind was blowing...

Написание некоторых глаголов с окончанием -ing

Если глагол заканчивается на ударную гласную между двух согласных, последняя согласная удваивается: swim — swimming; sit — sitting; stir — stirring HO: travel — travelling Обратите внимание на написание следующих глаголов: lie — lying die — dying etc. write — writing drive — driving etc.

Времена глагола

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ PAST CONTINUOUS
Утвердительная форма S + was/were + Ving
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I was sleeping	It was sleeping
You were sleeping	We were sleeping
He was sleeping	You were sleeping
She was sleeping	They were sleeping

Отрицательная форма S + was/were not + Ving
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I was not sleeping	I wasn’t sleeping
You were not sleeping	You weren’t sleeping
He was not sleeping	He wasn’t sleeping
She were not sleeping	She wasn’t sleeping
It was not sleeping	It wasn’t sleeping
We were not sleeping	We weren’t sleeping
You were not sleeping	You weren’t sleeping
They were not sleeping	They weren’t sleeping

Вопросительная форма was/were + S + Ving
Was I sleeping?	Was itsleeping?
Were yousleeping?	Were we sleeping?
Was he sleeping?	Were you sleeping?
Was shesleeping?	Were theysleeping?

Used to

Used to используется для выражения действий/состояний в прошлом, которые больше не происходят. I used to cry a lot when I was a baby. I used to be a tiger hunter. I didn’t use to dance when I was younger. Did you use to sleep late?

Would

Would используется для выражения часто повторяющихся или рутинных действий в прошлом. Для описания состояний или каких-либо постоянных ситуаций используется used to. We would talk for hours about his adventures. (также used to talk) When I was young I used to live in a village. NOT: would.

Was going to

Was going to используется для выражения невыполненных планов или намерений в прошлом. She was going to visit Mike but he wasn’t at home. (So she didn’t visit him)

Времена глагола

PAST PERFECT (ПРОШЕДШЕЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ)

Past Perfect используется:

Для выражения действия, которое произошло до определенного момента в прошлом. Не had left by the time we got there, (определенный момент в прошлом может быть обозначен другим действием в Past Simple. ) Не had left by 4. 15. Для выражения завершенного прошедшего действия, которое имело видимые результаты в прошлом. She was unhappy because she had failed the exam. Past Perfect являетсяпрошедшим эквивалентом Present Perfect. She couldn’t open the door. She had lost the key. (She can’t open the door. She has lost the key. ) Если действия произошли одно за другим, в обоих случаях может быть использовано Past Simple. Указателями на последовательность действий могут служить наречия after, before, as soon as. After Sandra appeared in the colour Purple, she got a part in another film.

Наречия времени, с которыми используется Past Perfect:

for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time etc.

Past Perfect

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В PAST PERFECT
Утвердительная форма S + had + V3
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I had played	I’d played
You had played	You’d played
He had played	He’d played
She had played	She’d played
It had played	It’d played
We had played	We’d played
You had played	You’d played
They had played	They’d played

Отрицательная форма S + had not + V3
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I had not played	I hadn’t played
You had not played	You hadn’t played
He had not played	He hadn’t played
She had not played	She hadn’t played
It had not played	It hadn’t played
We had not played	We hadn’t played
You had not played	You hadn’t played
They had not played	They hadn’t played

Вопросительная форма Had + S + V3
Had I played?	Had itplayed?
Had youplayed?	Had we played?
Had he played?	Had you played?
Had sheplayed?	Had theyplayed?

Времена глагола

PERFECT CONTINUOUS (ПРОШЕДШЕЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ)

Past Perfect Continuous используется:

Для выражения действия, которое длилось какое-то время до указанного момента в прошлом. She had been living in New York for ten years before she moved to Los Angeles. Sam had been working for 2 hours by the time I got back. Для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, которое имело видимые результаты в прошлом. Her eyes were wet because she had been crying. His hands were dirty, he had been workind in the garden. Past Perfect Continuous является прошедшим эквивалентом Present Perfect Continuous. Her back had been aching for three days. She went to see the doctor. (Her back has been aching for three days. She is going to see the doctor. ) The glass was wet. It had been raining.

Наречия времени, с которыми используется Past Perfect Continuous:

for, since

Past Perfect Continuous

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В PAST PERFECT
Утвердительная форма S + had + been + Ving
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I had been playing	I’d been playing
You had been playing	You’d been playing
He had been playing	He’d been playing
She had been playing	She’d been playing
It had been playing	It’d been playing
We had been playing	We’d been playing
You had been playing	You’d been playing
They had been playing	They’d been playing

Отрицательная форма S + had not + been + Ving
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I had not been playing	I hadn’t been playing
You had not been playing	You hadn’t been playing
He had not been playing	He hadn’t been playing
She had not been playing	She hadn’t been playing
It had not been playing	It hadn’t been playing
We had not been playing	We hadn’t been playing
You had not been playing	You hadn’t been playing
They had not been playing	They hadn’t been playing

Вопросительная форма Had + been + Ving
Had I been playing?	Had itbeen playing?
Had youbeen playing?	Had we been playing?
Had he been playing?	Had you been playing?
Had shebeen playing?	Had theybeen playing?

Времена глагола

FUTURE SIMPLE (БУДУЩЕЕ ПРОСТОЕ)

Future Simple используется:

Когда мы говорим о только что принятых решениях. It’s so cold in here, I’ll close the window. Co словамиexpect, hope, believe, I’m afraid, I’m sure, I know, I think, probably, когда мы выражаем надежду, опасение, угрозу, предложение, обещание, предупреждение, предсказание, комментарий и т. д. I hope he won’t be late. Когда говорим о действиях или предсказываем действия, которые могут (не) произойти в будущем. She will probably phone later. Когда говорим о будущих действиях, на которые мы никак не можем повлиять. She will be ten next year. Когда говорим о том, в чем мы не уверены или не решили окончательно. I think I’ll phone you later.

Наречия времени, с которыми используется Future Simple:

Tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, in two/three etc. days, the day after tomorrow soon, in a week/month etc., in 2067 etc.

Future Simple

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В FUTURE SINPLE
Утвердительная форма S + will + V
Полная форма		Краткая форма
I will play	It will play	I’ll play	It’ll play
You will play	We will play	You’ll play	We’ll play
He will play	You will play	He’ll play	You’ll play
She will play	They will play	She’ll play	They’ll play

Отрицательная форма S + be not + V
Полная форма		Краткая форма
I will not play	It will not play	I won’t play	It won’t play
You will not play	We will not play	You won’t play	We won’t play
He will not play	You will not play	He won’t play	You won’t play
She will not play	They will not play	She won’t play	They won’t play

Вопросительная форма Will + S + V
Will I play?		Will it play?
Will you play?		Will we play?
Will he play?		Will you play?
Will she play?		Will they play?

Shall используется:
Только с местоимениями I/we в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях или, когда мы просим совет. Shall we go to the cinema tonight? What shall I do?

Времена глагола

FUTURE CONTINUOUS (БУДУЩЕЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ)

Future Continuous используется:

Когда говорим о действии, которое будет длиться в определенный момент в будущем. He’ll be flying to New York this time next week. I will be having lunch at 2 o’clock today. Когда говорим о рутинных действиях в будущем. I’ll be seeing Miranda tomorrow. (We work together and I will definitely see her. ) I’m seeing my bank manager this morning. Когда мы вежливо спрашиваем о чьих-либо планах, для того, чтобы попросить их о чем-либо. Will you be going to the market? Can you buy me some vegetables? Will you be going into town today? Will you be working tomorrow?

Наречия времени, с которымииспользуется Future Continuous:

Tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, this time tomorrow, at 6 o’clock tomorrow, in two /three etc. days, the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week etc.

Future Continuous

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Утвердительная форма S + will be +Ving
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I will be playing	I’ll be playing
You will be playing	You’ll be playing
He will be playing	He’ll be playing
She will be playing	She’ll be playing
It will be playing	It’ll be playing
We will be playing	We’ll be playing
You will be playing	You’ll be playing
They will be playing	They’ll be playing

Отрицательная форма S + will not be +Ving
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I will not be playing	I won’t be playing
You will not be playing	You won’t be playing
He will not be playing	He won’t be playing
She will not be playing	She won’t be playing
It will not be playing	It won’t be playing
We will not be playing	We won’t be playing
You will not be playing	You won’t be playing
They will not be playing	They won’t be playing

Вопросительная форма Will + S + be +Ving
Will I be playing?	Will itbe playing?
Will you be playing?	Will we be playing?
Will he be playing?	Will you be playing?
Will shebe playing?	Will theybe playing?

Времена глагола

FUTURE PERFECT (БУДУЩЕЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ)

Future Perfect используется:

Для выражения действия, которое завершится к определенному моменту в будущем. She will have returned by the end of July.

Наречия времени, с которымииспользуется FuturePerfect:

by, not... until/till She will have come back by 8 o’clock. She won’t have come back until 8 o’clock. Определенный момент в будущемможет быть выражен другим действием в Present Simple. She will have finished the task by the time we return.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (БУДУЩЕЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ)

Future Perfect Continuous используется:

Для выражения действия, которое будет длиться какое-то время к определенному моменту в будущем. She will have been working here for two years by the end of the year.

Future Perfect

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В FUTURE PERFECT
Утвердительная форма S + will have +V3
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I will have played	I’ll have played
You will have played	You’ll have played
He will have played	He’ll have played
She will have played	She’ll have played
It will have played	It’ll have played
We will have played	We’ll have played
You will have played	You’ll have played
They will have played	They’ll have played

Отрицательная форма S + will not have +V3
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I will not have played	I won’t have played
You will not have played	You won’t have played
He will not have played	He won’t have played
She will not have played	She won’t have played
It will not have played	It won’t have played
We will not have played	We won’t be playing
You will not have played	You won’t have played
They will not have played	They won’t have played

Вопросительная форма Will + S + have +V3
Will I have played?	Will ithave played?
Will you have played?	Will we have played?
Will he have played?	Will you have played?
Will shehave played?	Will theyhave played?

Времена глагола

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Утвердительная форма S + will have + been +Ving
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I will have been playing	I’ll have been playing
You will have been playing	You’ll have been playing
He will have been playing	He’ll have been playing
She will have been playing	She’ll have been playing
It will have been playing	It’ll have been playing
We will have been playing	We’ll have been playing
You will have been playing	You’ll have been playing
They will have been playing	They’ll have been playing

Отрицательная форма S + will not have + been +Ving
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I will not have been playing	I won’t have been playing
You will not have been playing	You won’t have been playing
He will not have been playing	He won’t have been playing
She will not have been playing	She won’t have been playing
It will not have been playing	It won’t have been playing
We will not have been playing	We won’t be been playing
You will not have been playing	You won’t have been playing
They will not have been playing	They won’t have been playing

Вопросительная форма Will + S + have been +Ving
Will I have been playing?	Will ithave been playing?
Will you have been playing?	Will we have been playing?
Will he have been playing?	Will you have been playing?
Will shehave been playing?	Will theyhave been playing?

Future Perfect, Passive Voice

PASSIVE VOICE СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

Passive Voice используется:

Когда исполнитель действия неизвестен, неважен или очевиден из контекста. My ring was stolen yesterday, (исполнитель неизвестен) The house repairs were completed last month, (исполнитель неважен). The thief was arrested. (by the police-исполнитель очевиден) Для того, чтобы сделать утверждения более вежливыми или формальными. My new vase has been broken. (это звучит более вежливо, чем “Не has broken my new vase”) Когда действие более важно, чем исполнитель, как например, в статьях, объявлениях, инструкциях, заголовках, описании процессов, рекламе и т. д. Smoking is not allowed. The local bank was robbed this morning. Potatoes are baked for about twenty minutes. Когда мы хотим выделить исполнителя. St. Petersburg was founded by Peter I. The article was written by a psychologist. Будьте внимательны! В большинстве случаев нет необходимости упоминать исполнителя в пассивных предложениях. Не включайте исполнителя в предложение, если в этом нет необходимости.

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В PASSIVE VOICE S + BE + V3
Present Simple
Утвердительная форма S + be + V3	Отрицательная форма S + be not + V3	Вопросительная форма be+S + V3
I am asked	I am not asked	Am I asked?
You are asked	You are not asked	Are you asked?
He is asked	He is not asked	Is he asked?
She is asked	She is not asked	Is she asked?
It is asked	It is not asked	Is it asked?
We are asked	We are not asked	Are we asked?
You are asked	You are not asked	Are you asked?
They are asked	They are not asked	Are they asked?
Present Continuous
Утвердительная форма S + be + being + V3	Отрицательная форма S + be not + being + V3	Вопросительная форма Be + S + being + V3
I am being asked	I am not being asked	Am I being asked?
You are being asked	You are not being asked	Are you being asked?
He is being asked	He is not being asked	Is he being asked?
She is being asked	She is not being asked	Is she being asked?
It is being asked	It is not being asked	Is it being asked?
We are being asked	We are not being asked	Are we being asked?
You are being asked	You are not being asked	Are you being asked?
They are being asked	They are not being asked	Are they being asked?
Past Simple
Утвердительная форма S + was/vere + V3	Отрицательная форма S + was/vere not + V3	Вопросительная форма Was/vere + S + V3
I was asked	I was not asked	Was I asked?
You were asked	You were not asked	Were you asked?
He was asked	He was not asked	Was he asked?
She was asked	She was not asked	Was she asked?
It were asked	It was not asked	Was it asked?
We were asked	We were not asked	Were we asked?
You were asked	You were not asked	Were you asked?
They were asked	They were not asked	Were they asked?
Past Continuous
Утвердительная форма S + was/vere + being + V3	Отрицательная форма S + was/vere not + being + V3	Вопросительная форма Was/vere + S + being + V3
I was being asked	I was not being asked	Was I being asked?
You were being asked	You were not being asked	Were you being asked?
He was being asked	He was not being asked	Was he being asked?
She was being asked	She was not being asked	Was she being asked?
It were being asked	It was not being asked	Was it being asked?
We were being asked	We were not being asked	Were we being asked?
You were being asked	You were not being asked	Were you being asked?
They were being asked	They were not being asked	Were they being asked?

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