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ООО «Современная школа»

Условные обозначения

S — subject (подлежащее)

N — noun (имя существительное)

V — verb (глагол)

V3 — глагол в 3-ей форме

G/-ing-form — gerund (герундий)

Smth — something (что-то, что-либо)

Smb — somebody (кто-то, кто-либо)

Adj. — adjective (прилагательное)

Adv. — adverb (наречие)

ВРЕМЕНА

ГЛАГОЛОВ

Времена глагола

PRESENT SIMPLE (НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ПРОСТОЕ)

Present Simple используется

Для описания постоянных ситуаций: Jane works in a hospital. Для повторяющихся действий в настоящем: We often visit them in summer. Для общепринятых фактов и законов природы: The sun sets in the west. Для расписаний или программ: School starts at 8 o’clock.

Наречия времени, с которыми используется Present Simple:

usually, always, never, often, sometimes every day /week /month /year etc., seldom, rarely, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night, on Monday etc. Наречия времени ставятся перед основным глаголом, но после глагола to be: Sam often plays football. Our teacher is never late.

Present Simple

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В PRESENT SIMPLE
Вопросительная форма S + V1(s)
I know		It knows
You know		We know
He knows		You know
She knows		They know

Отрицательная форма S + do (does) not + V1
I do not know		I don't know
You do not know		You don't know
He does not know		He doesn't know
She does not know		She doesn’t know
It does not know		It doesn’t know
We do not know		We don’t know
You do not know		You don’t know
They do not know		They don’t know

Времена глагола

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В PRESENT SIMPLE (продолжение)
Вопросительная форма Do (does) + S + V1
Do I know?		Does it know?
Do youknow?		Do we know?
Does heknow?		Do youknow?
Does sheknow?		Do theyknow?

Написание некоторых глаголов с окончанием -s

Глаголы, которые заканчиваются на: -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o → -es; I watch — he watches I go — he goes Глаголы, которые заканчиваются на согласную + у → -ies; I study — he studies I fly — he flies НО: глаголы, заканчивающиеся на гласную (а, е, о, и) + у → -ys; I play — he plays I stay — he stays

Present Simple

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В ТО BE
Утвердительная форма
Полная форма		Краткая форма
I am	It is	I’m	It’s
You are	We are	You’re	We’re
He is	You are	He’s	You’re
She is	They are	She’s	They’re

Отрицательная форма
Полная форма		Краткая форма
I am not	It is not	I’m not	It isn’t
You are not	We are not	You aren’t	We aren’t
He is not	You are not	He isn’t	You aren’t
She is not	They are not	She isn’t	They aren’t

Вопросительная форма
Am I?	Is it?
Are you?	Are we?
Is he?	Are you?
Is she?	Are they?

Произношение -s в конце глагола
/S/	/IZ/	/z/
/f/, /k/, /p/, /t/	/s/, /∫ /, /t∫ /, /d_Ʒ /, /z/	после других звуков
he talks	she teaches	it opens

Времена глагола

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В ТО HAVE
Have (has) = have (has) got Утвердительная форма
Полная форма		Краткая форма
I have	I have got	I’ve	I’vegot
You have	You have got	You’ve	You’ve got
He has	He has got	He’s	He’s got
She has	She has got	She’s	She’s got
It has	It has got	It’s	It’s got
We have	We have got	We’ve	We’ve got
You have	You have got	You’ve	You’ve got
They have	They have got	They’ve	They’ve got

Вопросительная форма
Do I have?	Have Igot?
Do you have?	Have you got?
Does he have?	Has he got?
Does she have	Has she got?
Does it have?	Has it got?
Do we have?	Have they got?
Do you have?	Have you got?
Do they have?	Have they got?

Have (has) = have (has) got Утвердительная форма
Полная форма		Краткая форма
I have not	I have not got	I haven't	I haven’t got
You have not	You have not got	You haven’t	You haven’t got
He has not	He has not got	He hasn’t	He hasn’t got
She has not	She has not got	She hasn’t	She hasn’t got
It has not	It has not got	It hasn’t	It hasn’t got
We have not	We have not got	We haven’t	We haven’t got
You have not	You have not got	You haven’t	You haven’t got
They have not	They have not got	They haven’t	They haven’t got

Времена глагола

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ)

Написание некоторых глаголов с окончанием -ing

Если глагол заканчивается на ударную гласную между двух согласных, последняя согласная удваивается: swim — swimming; sit — sitting; stir —stirring; HO: travel — travelling Обратите внимание на написание следующих глаголов: lie — lying die — dying etc write — writing drive — driving etc

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (НАСТОЯЩЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ)

Present Continuous используется

Для описания временных ситуаций. Jack is staying with his sister at the moment. Для выражения действий, происходящих в момент разговора. Look! Somebody is trying to break into your house! С alwaysдля выражения раздражения или критики. She is always shouting at me! Для выражения назначенных договоренностей. I am buying a car tomorrow. It’s all arranged. I have the money. Время, когда происходит действие, указано или подразумевается. Для описанияпостоянно меняющихся или развивающихся ситуаций. Her English is getting better. The population of the world is growing each year.

Наречия времени, с которыми используется Present Continuous:

now, at the moment, at present always, nowadays, still etc.

Present continuous

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Утвердительная форма S + be + Ving
Полная форма		Краткая форма
I am sleeping	It is sleeping	I’m sleeping	It’s sleeping
You are sleeping	We are sleeping	You’re sleeping	We’re sleeping
He is sleeping	You are sleeping	He’s sleeping	You’re sleeping
She is sleeping	They are sleeping	She’s sleeping	They’re sleeping

Отрицательная форма S + be not + Ving
Полная форма		Краткая форма
I am not sleeping		I ’m sleeping
You are not sleeping		You aren’t sleeping
He is not sleeping		He isn’t sleeping
She is not sleeping		She isn’t sleeping
It is not sleeping		It isn’t sleeping
We are sleeping		We aren’t sleeping
You are not sleeping		You aren’t sleeping
They are not sleeping		They aren’t sleeping

Вопросительная форма be + S + Ving
Am I sleeping?		Is it sleeping?
Are you sleeping?		Are we sleeping?
Is he sleeping?		Are you sleeping?
Is she sleeping?		Are they sleeping?

Времена глагола

ГЛАГОЛЫ, КОТОРЫЕ НЕ УПОТРЕЬЛЯЮТСЯ ВО ВРЕМЕНАХ CONTINUOUS
hear	belong
see	concern
smell (в значении пахнуть)	contain
taste	depend
adore	fit
appreciate	have (в значении иметь)
detest	know
dislike	mean
forgive	owe
hate	own
like	possess
love	need
agree	prefer
believe	require
recognize	want
suppose	weigh
understand	wish
appear (в значении казаться)	seem
think (в значении полагать)	expect (в значении полагать)

Некоторые глаголы могут употребляться во временах Continuous в зависимости от своего значения:

Не thinks there’s nobody in the room. (полагает)

He is thinking about their offer. (раздумывает)

She has two cars/ (имеет)

She’s having dinner. (обедает)

Do you see what I mean? (понимаешь)

I’m seeing my friends tonight/ (встречаюсь)

Your new perfume smells of vanilla. (пахнет)

She is smelling the flowers. (нюхает)

She appears to be busy. (кажется)

The opera singer is appearing on stage tonight. (появится)

The bag weighs 15 kilos. (весит)

They are weighing their bag. (взвешивают)

Jane is quiet. (She is always quiet)

Jane is being very quiet today. (Only today, usually she isn’t so quiet).

Времена глагола

PRESENT PERFECT (НАСТОЯЩЕЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ)

Present Perfect используется

Для выражения недавно завершившихся действий. Monica has just finished her letter. Для выражения действий, связанных с настоящим. Точное время, когда они произошли, не указано. Gillian has lost her keys. (She is still looking for them. ) Когда мы говорим о чьем-либо личном опыте или переменах. She has put on a lot of weight since we last saw her. I have never been to France. Sarah has seen Jennifer Lopez. Когда мы делаем ударение на количестве. I have read 150 pages so far. He has run 2 kilometres so far. Для выражения действия, произошедшего в период времени, который еще не завершился. I haven’t seen Sarah today. We’ve been to Brest this month. HO: We went to Brest this summer (it’s September now, the summer is over).

Present perfect

НАРЕЧИЯ ВРЕМЕНИ, С КОТОРЫМИ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕТСЯ PRESENT PERFECT

never, ever, just, already, yet, recently, lately, so far, since, for, this week, this month etc

Наречие yet используетсяв вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях. Наречие already используетсяв утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях. Have you finished yet? No. I haven't finished yet. I have already finished. Наречия never, ever, just, already ставятсямежду вспомогательным и основным глаголами, остальные наречия обычно ставятся после основного глагола в конце предложения. I have seen Jessica recently. Наречие already может ставитьсяв конце предложения. They’ve made a lot of progress already. HO: Present Perfect не используется с наречием already, если указывается точное время, когда произошло действие. She already bought this book last month. Наречие yet обычно ставитсяв конец предложения, хотя в отрицательном предложении оно может употребляться после have not. They haven’t yet discovered a cure for the common cold.

Времена глагола

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В PRESENT PERFECT
Утвердительная форма S + have/has + V3
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I have played	I’ve played
You have played	You’ve played
He has played	He’s played
She has played	She’s played
It has played	It’s played
We have played	We’ve played
You have played	You’ve played
They have played	They’ve played

Отрицательная форма S + have/has not + V3
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I have not played	I haven’t played
You have not played	You haven’t played
He has not played	He hasn’t played
She has not played	She hasn’t played
It has not played	It hasn’t played
We have not played	We haven’t played
You have not played	You haven’t played
They have not played	They haven’t played

Вопросительная форма Have/has + S + V3
Have I played?	Has itsleeping?
Have youplayed?	Have we sleeping?
Has heplayed?	Have yousleeping?
Has shesleeping?	Have theysleeping?

Have gone to/have been to/have been in

Sam has gone to London. (He is still there. He hasn’t come back yet. )

Sam has been to London this month. (He has visited London, he is back now. )

Sam has been in London for two weeks already. (He is in London now. )

Глаголы live, feel, work

Могут использоваться как в Present Perfect, так и в Present Perfect Continuous.

Nelly has worked in this hospital for two years.

Nelly has been working in this hospital for two years.

Написание глаголов с окончанием -ed
hate — hated (-e → -ed)	study — studied (согл. + -y→ -ied)
play—played (гласн. +-y → -yed)
prefer — preferred	stop — stopped

Времена глагола

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (НАСТОЯЩЕЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ)

Present Perfect Continuous используется

Для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и длилось вплоть до настоящего момента. Jane has been reading the book for two hours. (She started two hours ago and is still reading it. ) Для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, которое имеет видимый результат в настоящем. The girl has been crying (Her eyes are red. ) Для выражения злости, недовольства, раздражения или критики. Who has been sleeping in my bed? Когда мы делаем ударение на длительности действия (обычно с for, since, how long). She’s been talking on the phone for hours.

Глаголы, не использующиеся во временах Continuous (know, believe, see, like, love etc) ставятся в форму Present Perfect. I’ve known him since 1978. NOT: I’ve been knowing him since 1978.

Present Perfect Continuous

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ В PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS
Утвердительная форма S + have/has + been + Ving
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I have been playing	I’ve been playing
You have been playing	You’ve been playing
He has been playing	He’s been playing
She has been playing	She’s been playing
It has been playing	It’s been playing
We have been playing	We’ve been playing
You have been playing	You’ve been playing
They have been playing	They’ve been playing

Отрицательная форма S + have/has not + been + Ving
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I have not been playing	I haven’t been playing
You have not been playing	You haven’t been playing
He has not been playing	He hasn’t been playing
She has not been playing	She hasn’t been playing
It has not been playing	It hasn’t been playing
We have not been playing	We haven’t been playing
You have not been playing	You haven’t been playing
They have not been playing	They haven’t been playing

Вопросительная форма Have/has + S + been + Ving
Have I been playing?	Has itbeen playing?
Have youbeen playing?	Have we been playing?
Has hebeen playing?	Have youbeen playing?
Has shebeen playing?	Have theybeen playing?

Времена глагола

PAST SIMPLE (ПРОШЕДШЕЕ ПРОСТОЕ)

Past Simple используется

Для описания ситуаций в прошлом. Jane worked in a hospital. Для выражения прошедшего действия с указанием времени. They phoned two hours ago. Для выражения действий, которые произошли одно за другим. She came into the room, opened the draw of her desk and took out a letter from it. Для выражения действия, которое произошло в определенный исторический период, но время не указывается. Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays.

Наречия времени, с которыми используется Past Simple

Yesterday, then, last night/week/month/year, a week/month/year ago, when, two days ago, inl985etc.

Написание глаголов с окончанием -ed
hate — hated (-e → -ed)	study — studied (согл. + -y→ -ied)
play — played (гласн. +-y → -yed)
prefer — preferred	stop — stopped

Времена глагола

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ PAST SIMPLE
Утвердительная форма S + V2
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I knew	It knew
You knew	We knew
He knew	You knew
She knew	They knew

Отрицательная форма S + did not + V3
Полная форма	Краткая форма
I did not knew	I didn’t know
You did not knew	You didn’t know
He did not knew	He didn’t know
She did not knew	She didn’t know
It did not knew	It didn’t know
We did not knew	We didn’t know
You did not knew	You didn’t know
They did not knew	They didn’t know

Вопросительная форма Did + S + V3
Did I knew?	Did itknew?
Did youknew?	Did we knew?
Did he knew?	Did you knew?
Did sheknew?	Did theyknew?

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