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Shri Bhagavad-Gita 29 страница&c. I2J^. ' Interpenetrating the earth,do I, by My vigour, support creatures (thereon).' G'<f=earth; Q;ViT=:vigour or energy irresistible. Entering into the earth, I support all creatures thereon by My vigour. 3's'irrfB wfr:&c. 13. ' And becoming the juicy moon,I do nourish all the plants.' Similarly, I become the moon full ofthe essence{rasa) ofambrosia,and nourish the growth of plants.
14. ' Becoming Vaisvanara, I do take possession of the bodies of living creatures;and joined with Prana and Apana,do digest the four-fold food.* yarsi'dttara=the digesting heat in the stomach. That, I become in the bodies ofall living beings {prdnayah), and joined with the varieties of vital breath, viz., Prana and Apana,digest the four classes offood which they eat, viz: that which is(i)chewed {khddvd),(2)sucked (sosAya), (3I licked ilehya)and(4)drunk (peya). Inasmuch as the moon,and fire(Vaisvanara)constitute Parama-purusha's expressed glory,' the expressions' I, becomingthe moon' (XV-13).,'Becoming Vaisvanara*(XV- 14)etc.,are meant to indicate the predicated relation those objects stand to Him. That such relation subsists with referenceto all things is next proved: &c. 15. ' Verily am I enshrined in the hearts of all;from Me is memory,wisdom,and deprivation. And I,by all the Vedas, am to be known; I the Maker ofthe ends ofthe Vedas; and I too am the Veda-knower.' As their Soul, ruling by My will, I am seated in the hearts of the moon, fire, and all the sum of beings,—the heart being the centre from which all intelligence(or cons ciousness radiates,—intelligence, the root of all impulses, positive(=active and negative(=rpas- s\ve=»ivriUi). So aver the Srutis. For example: ' Penetrating the interior, the all-Soul directs all creatures 'Who seated in earth , Who,seated in the soul,guides inside the soul'*.' Resembling the lotus
flower-bud, with the point downward, is the heart etc'^. 'Now, the heart-lotus, in this city of brahma (=body)is the abode etc Also do Smfitis thus aver. For example: ' Vishnu is the Judge ofall the universe; He permea tes it, and directs the minutiose of the minutest things.'® ' He the Judge, the Effulgent King, Who is seated in thy heart'* etc etc. Hence,from Me comes to all, memory,(=:smfiti)=the consciousness awakened ofa past experience. Also from Me is wisdom (=jfiana)=right knowledge of things accruingfrom sense(=perception),sign(=inference).Scrip tural Authority{dgama)and meditation(=Yoga=intuitive or supersensuous perception). Also from Me is deprivation [apohana)of wisdom (or loss ofconsciousness);or apohanam may mean Uhanam, conjecture, or that power of the mind which hits on a probability or a probable hypothesis by reasoning out that such a probability or hypothesis must work out in such and such a manner. This is knowledge which would contribute to the constructing or the establishing of a fact (in the future) from what was but a conjectural theory hitherto. I am to be known by all the Vedas: since it is the Vedas that assert that offire, the Sun,the wind,the moon, Indra etc., 1 am the Soul, and the Inner Guide. The terms,deva, man etc., (which may occur in the Vedas)are in allusion to the individual souls {jivdtmds, infilling those forms). Ved-anta-krit'. Anta—tnd^ixxxiX., the fruit for per- forming such Veda-enjoined sacrifices as:' Letsacrifice be made to Indra;''Let sacrifice be made to Varuna'etc., As in fruit do all these Vedas find their ending(or consummation),so end means fruit. I am the Maker of the fruit, i. e., the Granter or Bestower of the fruit promised in the Vedas. This fact it may beremembered,wasalready declared,in the Stanzas:— ' Whatsoever form a devotee wishesin faith to worship,that very faith in him do I render firm'(G/: VI1-21). '(He) obtains his wishes thence verily granted by My-self' {Gil VII-22). 'I verily am the Enjoyer of all sacrifices,and the Sole Lord'{Gi:IX-24.I / am also the Veda-knower: for I know the Veda that teaches about Myself, in that I am the Giver ofthe fruit (to all My creatures). Whoso knows or understands the Veda otherwise than what has been taughthere,is no know- er (of it) at all. And therefore learn from Myself the essence of all Veda-teaching: 3^ &c. 16. 'Twofold are the souls in the world, the Kshara and the Akshara ; the Kshara is the sum of all (bound)beings, Akshara is the Constant' Two kinds of souls are known in this world, the Kshara(Perishable)and the Akshara(Imperishable). The soul designated by the term kshara is that which may be called Jiva or the sum of matter-tied creatures from Brahma down to the blade of grass,all of momen tarily enduring existences. The singular term' soul'is to denote the totality of all creatures by the fact of all of them being subjected to the one common condition of being matter-wedded. By the term Akshara,the Constant,the Imperishable or the freed soul, as detached from matter's connections and as found in its own essential nature is denoted. It is called Constant {Icutastha)inasmuch as when it isexempted from matter no connection with such bodies as those of' Brahma etc,—which are but modifications of matter-stuff —is formed. The singular case of this term also, viz.^ kUtastka is because it is a collective term denoting the totality of all those souls whose one common charac teristic has come to be that ofbeing matter-free. It does not therefore mean that there is but a single liberated {mukta)soul; for that of such there are inumerable, de clare such passages as: 'Many are they who purified by wisdom-meditation,have come to My state.' (C/:IV-io). ' (They) are neither bom at creation nor suffer at disso lution'(G/: XIV-2). &c. 17. 'But the Soul Paramount is Another, who is proclained as Paramatma, Who—the Infinite, the King,— penetrates all the three worlds and sustains (them).' But there is a Supreme Soul (or Spirit) Who is different from both Kshara and Akshara, or Conditioned souls and Freed souls,respectively. That Spiritis declared as a distinct Postulate,as the Paramatma,in all the ^futis. The very epithet Param-atma(the Supreme or Exalted Soul) shows that the Supreme Spirit is a distinct Verity other than the bound and the freed souls. How ? Because He,penetrating all the three worlds, sustains {theni). Loha=yNot\d, because it is seen {lokyate). Such worlds are three in number viz:(i)the inanimate world{achetana), (2)the animate world in conjunction with the inanimate, {baddha-chetana), and (3) the freed souls [mukta). All these three are proved to usby Authority. And thesethree worlds. He—the Spirit Paramount—permeates and sus tains. By the fact that these are worlds,by Him pervaded, and by Him sustained, He is a Principle distinct from them. Also is this the fact by reason that He is Infinite and King,inasmuch as only a Principle Infinite can be distinct from the finite-natured achetana (inert matter), the chetanas(soul),conjoined thereto and following its lead,and the tnuktas, who once before were in union with it(matter) and now freed; inasmuch as only a King or Universal Sove reign can be distinct from those over who rahe holds sv/ay. &c. 18. ' Since I do surpass the Kshara and even do excel the Akshara, I am reputed as Purush- ottama both in the Smfitis and the Vedas.' Inasmuch as,for reasonsstated aforesaid, I am beyone the Kshara-soul—described—and transcend also the Akshara-soul—the mukia, described—(hence), I am renowned as Purushottama—tl)e Sublimest Purusha. Z.(;^a=Smfiti, by reason of its .seeing(inquiring or understanding) the meanings of the Vedas. So,as Puru shottama,I am famous both in the Smfitis and the Vedas. Siuti for example: ' Reaching the Sublime Light, (the soul) resuscitates in its own nature. He is the Person Supremest.'^ Smyiti for example: 'Verily the incarnate (or descended)portion of Purushottama,of Vishnu,who is without beginning, middle or end &c. 19. Thus, whoso wise (man), Bharata! knows Me as the Prushottama, knows all and serves Me in every manner.' Whoso,grown wise, knows Me as the Purushottama described above: viz-, as the Distinct from the Kshara and the Akshara souls; as the Infinite; as Him Who is characterized as the Pervader,Sustainer, Sovereign etc., He knows all: Whatever there is that is to be known as the means by which to attain Me,he knows all that. He serves Me in every Whatever ways of service, in order to attain to Me, have been prescribed, he serves Me by all those ways ofservice,(worship). By knowing Me as such {viz: Purushottama), he may assure himselfof Mylove(for him)such as may be gainable by all other kinds of service(or worship) relating to Me(laid down in the Sastras). This aforesaid Purushottama-knowledge is now eulo gised: fTfT &c. 20. 'Thusisthis mostOccult Science unfolded by Me, 0Sinless! Knowingit Bharata I one shallbecome wise and shall have accomplished all his work.* Considering thee sinless i. e., worthy,this Secret of all secret Sciences, vis., the revelation to thee of the Purushottama-aspect of Myself has been divulged. He who knows this shall become wise-, i.e., he shall have acquired every wisdom which one who aspires to reach Me ought to possess. He shall have accomplished,all his work-, i. e.. He shall have performed every act of duty which one of his stamp is expected to perform. This Stanza informs us that the Purushottama- knowledge—declared in this Lecture—a knowledge learnt from Sastra,is alone sufficient to accomplish what is stated in this Stanza{viz., becoming wise etc);and no direct know ledge (or actual witnessing etc., of Purushottama) is demanded(as a sinequa none for growth of spiritual wis dom,and all that may follow thereon).
OM TAT SAT Thus closes Discourse Fifteen Named The PurittM-Puruskottama-Yoga, or The Way to the Primal Spirit Supreme, With Sri Ramanuja!s Commentary thereon, Between Sri Krishna and Arjuna, In the Science of Yoga, In the Theosophy ofthe Upanishads Or the Chants of Sri Bhagavdn The Bhagavad-Gitd} I. This Lecture contains an to render a complete solution of the explicit explanation of the Three mystery of Life and Universe. This inevitable Postulates, viz., achit is the fundamental Thesis of Rama- (matter)chit(soul) and Isvara(God) nuja's Visishtadvaitic Monism.
1. This Lecture contains an explicit explanation of the Three inevitable Postulates, vss., achrt (matter) cst (soul) and Isvara (God) to render a complete solution of the mystery of Life and Universe. This is the fundamental Thesis of Rama- huja’s Visishtadvaitic Monism.
SRI BHAGAVAD-GITA OR THE DIVINE LAY. WITH SRi RAMANUJA'S VISISHTADVAITA * m • COMMENTARY. LECTURE XVI NAMED # THE DAIV-ASURA-SAMPAD-VIBHAGA-YOGA, OR THE BOOK OF THE GODLY AND THE UNGODLY NATUEJSS. cT^TpPT teg II Srl YamunUckirya, Gitdrtha-Sakgraha!(Stanza, ig). ' Natures Divine and Vndivine— is Sixteenths lore To haw to bind;Truth's wisdom,anddiscipline sure>
AUIVI ,^1 ®BHAGAVAD-GfTA WITH SRi RAMANUJA'S VISISHTAOVAITA COMMENTARY. THE SIXTEENTH LECTURE NAMED DAIV-ASURA-SAMPAI>-VIBHAGA-YOGA OR THE BOOK OF THE GODLY AND UNGODLY NAIXSRES^ PROEM. JN the precedingthreeLectures(xiii-xlv-xv),thetopics dealt with were *. (1). The essential naturesof matter and spirit (or soul) when separate,and when in conjunction; (2). That conjunction was the resultofattachment to matter's qualities (gunas), and that separation; was the resultofnon-attachment thereto; (3). That matter and spirit,—in whatever condition they be,—both constitute Bhagavan's Glorious kosmos; (4).That Bhagavan,theContainer(orOwnerofsuch Glory, is distinct from the contained(or what is owned) viz:that which is comprised of the matter-stuff{achit) and the spirit-stuff (cAiV) ofthe twofold division,—the bound and the freed(souls),—inasmuch as He is possessed ofsuch attributes and powers as (i) Infinity, (2) Pervasion, (3) Sustenance,and(4)Lordship,Paramount
In order now to strengthen conviction in all that has been said, adherence or submission to Sastra's authority is inculcated. This is done by instituting a comparison between the Divine {Daivaf and Non-divine (Asuraf natures, found in creation who respectively profess and disown allegiance to ^astra." SRq &c. 1. ' Fearlessness, purity ofheart,settlement in Jflina- yoga, charity, self-restraint and sacrifices,sac red study, penance, uprightness; &c. 2. ' Harmlessness, veracity, wrathlessness, renunci ation, serenity,slanderlessness, sympathy for life, relishlessness, gentleness, modesty,fickle- lessness. &c. 3. 'Lustre, forgiveness, fortitude, cleanliness, non interference, absence of self-esteem;—(these), Bharata! become his who is born ofthe Divine kind; Fearlessness=the absence ofthat pain which is caused by dread at the prospect of the loss of what is dear to one and dread of what is hated may befal. Satva'Samsuddhih=^\it{iy of heart=the reigning of Satva-guna in the antah-karona(heart),utidehled by Rajas and Tamas.* jnana-yoga-vyavasthitih^^&XAQXX^e.'Ci't in the practice ofdevotion resultingfrom the knowledge which discrimi nates soul from matter. Z>a«a««=Charity=Thegiving ofgifts to deserved reci-
pients,-the property ofone's own legitimate acquisition. i?«««aA=Self-restraint=The power of the mind to withdraw itselffrom,or oppose itselfto, sense-objects. Yq/^a=Sa.crifices=The performance of the Maha- yajfia^ and other ceremonies,regardless offruit, as service rendered to Bhagavan. SvaMvqyazsSacred study,or devotion to the learning ofthe Holy Vedas,with the belief that they allteach of the Gloriful Bhagavan,and the Method's ofworshipping Him. Penance=Rigid' performance of such expia tory ceremonies as Kricchra*, Chandrayana^, etc., and keeping Dvadasi-fasts* etc., which would qualify a person to be fitfor performing other acts for the glorification of Bhagavan. Uprightness=conduct towards others,con sistent in thought,speech and deed. .<4/%iw«=Harmlessness=absence of causing pain or injury to others. 5o/>'a>«=Veracity=The speaking of bare truth bene ficial to all beings. i4^roi/AaA=Wrathlessness=Absence ofresentment in the mind which may be caused by others giving pain. Renunciations=The giving up of whatever is hostile or injurious to atma(soul,or soul-advancement). Serenity=Keeping the senses in peace against distractions which a love for sense-objects would naturally create. .^/a«««fl»«=Slanderlessncss=Ceasing to utter langu age calculated toinjure another's reputation.
1. Vide, note 2, ps 96.
2. These are ascetic practices such as Prajapatya, Santapana etc., con- sisting in partial fasts, etc., prescribed in the Dkarma-Sdstras. 3. Several varieties of fasting regulated by the moon's age. (Vide pp: §9, 60, 100, 101 of Rajendralal’s Yoga-Siitas, Engl: Trans).
4. The fortnightly fasts and early breakfasts.
2?rya=Sympathy for life=Condolence for grief, dis tress or misfortune of others. Aloluptvam or Alolupatvam {lect\)=Alolutvam— Relishlessness or absence of relish for sense-pleasures. i/ari/awaffj=Gentleness=Opposite of hard-hearted- ness=Fitness for the company of good people. Modesty=Feeling of shame to do what is un- . worthy. i4c^i^a/aw=Fickle-lessness=The remaining firm or not permitting oneself to be tempted in the presence of attractive objects. Lustre=The illustrious or radiant presence, resisting,or proofagainst,evil men's attacks. Forgiveness=The absericf of revengeful feelings in the heart against those by whom one is subject ed to suffering. Fortitude=The capacity to continue to do what is right under the stress of the heaviest of misfor tunes. Cleanliness=That state ofheart and ofthe external senses, fit to perform l^astra-enjoined duties. Non-interference=Notcrossing(the purposes 'of) others, or not obstructing others in going their own cherished ways. Absence of self-esteem=Absence of boasting or rating oneself high in places where doing so is unworthy. i?awf-5«»»/a/=Virlues or accomplishments that would belong tosuch as the Devas(divine beings), who are loyal to the Divine Laws, or Laws made by Bhagavan. The Sampat or (Virtue)ofthose who are godly is to walk, in the ways ofsuch Laws.<— Abhijdtah^lA.& who is born conformable tothisDivine character,or in harmony with the Divine,or whois born to walk the Divine Path indicated. ^s^Tfsnwrw &c. 4. ' Ostentation,pride,and conceit,ire as alsohauteur; and ignorance,—(these), Partha! become his who is born of the Non-divine kind Daf»fia=Ostentation=A display ofvirtue, or preten tious parade ofrighteous acts to invite flattery. Pride= That unnatural exultation arisingfrom experiencing sense-objects, depriving one (afterwards) of the discretion to do what is right and avoid what is wrong- ^M/»i^««*^=Conciet or self-opinion ofone's own im portance unwarranted by either learning or high birth etc. .^ru'iAd!=Ire=Disposition ofthe mind to cause others suffering, and enjoy that as one's own fruit(or pleasure). Hauteur=Overbearingorsupercilious de meanour towards good and great men so as to rouse their righteous indignation. /4/>9fa«fl:»«=Ignorance=The being destitute of under standing as to what is duty and what is not; and unac- quaintance with truths great and small. These constitute the character of him who is born of the Non-divine kind. The Non-divine (=ai«n=demoniac=vile) are those who rebel against Bhagavan's Laws or Commands. ymi^TNIM &c. 4J^. ' The Divine character is destined for complete deliverance(or salvation);the Non-divine for bondage.' The Divine character{=daivi-sampat)is that character which consists in obedience to the authority of My will; and which in due course promises to procure release from bondage, The iJon-divine character{=:dsuri-satnpat) is that character which consists in the refusal to obey,or to violate. My Mandates; which would therefore lead to bondage, or help his downfall. Seeing Arjuna doubting and fearing what his own proper character may be, the Lord assures him thus; HT &c. 5. ' Grieve not, Pandava! thou art born of the Divine kind.' Sorrow not. As for thyself, thou belongest to the Divine lot, for art thou not Pandava? or the son ofPandu that most eminent amd righteous of men ? ST &c. 6. ' Twofold is the creation of beings in this world, Divine and Non-divine. The Divine has been described (thee)at length;hearfrom Me,Partha! the Non-divine.' This world, where worksare performed (j>.,causes are created). Beings are those who give birth to works;of whom there are two kinds, the Divine and the Non-divine. Creation — time of birth. The beings are made so to be born as either to follow the Commands of Bhagavan or rebel against them, as may be predetermined by merits or demerits(respectively)accumulated in the past.
1. Consult the Important Labie at end of Lects XVIII, showing at a glance the Analysis of all the modes of Salvation, made by SrI Ramanuyja.
Of these two kindsof creation, the Divine has been described at length, viz: those Divine Beings who strive to walk according to My will, and whose walking corres ponds to the methods of Karma-Yoga,^ Jftana-Yoga' and Bhakti-Yoga,' described at great length. Now,listen from Me the other kind of creation, the Non-divine, what they are born for, and how they behave. See. 'The Non-divine know not(the ways of)'activity' or of'passivity 'Neither cleanliness, nor holy conduct, nor truth is found in them.' Activity or'Effort,' or engaging in Veda- enjoined Dharma,for securing(material)prosperity(power, riches,svarga, siddhis etc.)» Passivity (or cessation from pravritti) or engaging in such Veda-enjoined Dharma as leads to ntoksha (spiritual beatitude)., {Nivritti is literally retire ment,or giving up all desires for material happiness,thus contrasting with pravritH^.^ The Non-divine (Asurd)do not understand these ways. Suac/tam=C\eax\linessofheart inside and of person outside,so as to be fit for performing Veda-bid works. AcAdraA=Good or holy conduct,such as the perform ance of Twilight-Prayers {-^sandhya-vandana) etc., by which saucha would be produced,as declared in: ' He who omits sandhya is always unholy, and unfit for any duties,' Satyam=li\\e utterance ofthat which is in conformity with fact. These qualities are not to be found in the Non-divine natures.
I. Fora full description of what the two Paths of Pravyritt: and Nivritté are, consult Akdg: VII-15, 47 to 57. Also Jfakabhad, Saati Parva, Moksha Dharma, Ch: 217;
Bh: Gi: VIUIT-23 to 25, refers to the destination to which these Paths lead.
2. Daksha-smriti: ‘Sandhya-hinoz suchie nityam &c.
8. ' Say they:"the Universe is unreal, without prop, without Lord; and what else is it but the product of mutual union, (of male and female) having lust for (its) cause?" Asatyam=\Jnrea.\,or thatwhich is not an effect sprung from Brahm Who is Truth : ApratisMham=W\thout prop t. e., not having Brahm for its (Universe's) rest or prop. Says an authority:'This Universeis borne on the head of the Serpent-King, the Universe(in its turn)supporting the chain ofspheres along with (their denizens) men,demons, and gods.* ^ Anisvaram=Without a Lord or God-less;{. e., they say that this universe is not under the Government of a God—Myself—Who is Infallible-willed, Supreme Brahm, Lord of all etc., as declared for example in:—'I am the Origin of all;from Me operates everything'etc.,(Gf:X-8). They also prate thus: " Do we find it rUniverse) anything more then the product of the mutual union of male and female sexes—the products known as man,beast etc? It is quite evident that it is no more than this, and that lust(or sexual passion) is the only cause." &c. 9. ' Adopting this view,the soul-lost,small-witted,and deed-cruel,vile(beings), become the ruin ofthe Universe.' Adopting:means embracing or holding. Nasht-a.tmdnah—^ou\-\os,t^ or those who have lost their souls, or who have notseen that a soul isdistinctfrom body (either by faith or by experience)* Alpa-buddhayah=Sm9\\-\N\tto6=those who cannot cognizethat there is a'cognizer'—Atma—in the'cognized body, which is like a pot (which one sees as a separate object). I. KiiX:/'«n II-S-27:'Ten-eyam 2. Consult Table Rt end ofLect: naga-varyepa,sirasS vidhrita mahi.' XVIII.
r. Vesh: Pur: II-§-27 : ‘Ten-eyam naga-varyefa, siras4 vidhrita mahi.’
2. Consult Table at end of Lect: XVIII,
£^ra->^ama«aA=Deed-cruel=Those who are perse cutors or molesters ofall beings, by their cruel acts. These creaturesare pests who undermine the Universe &c. 10. 'Surrendered to unappeasable desires, seizing unlawful hold ofthings through(that)delusion; associated with hypocrisy, pride and passion; and practising unholy vows, they prevail.' I (They are) overtaken by lust or desires which are in satiable or beyond hope of being gratified. The endeavour to procure them is delusion=ignorance;—through ignorance, unlawfully taking hold ofthings(for their enjoy ment). Asuchi.vratdh='Domg impure acts with a vow,such as acts prohibited by 3astra,or doing what is not ^as- tra-ordained. With hypocrisy, pride and passion added, these(demoniac natures) prevail or flourish (in the world). &c. 11.'Wedded toimmenseschemesstretchingso fareven as(kosmic)dissolution;indulgingin lusts as the highest goal, assured: "that is the be-all and end-all." Death is ready at their door, waiting to carrythem off to-day or to-morrow, (». e.,at any moment),and yetthey are given to(worldly)schemes or thoughts so vast in their conception and as to require all the time,till the very day that physical dissolution may approach, to carry it out. Similarly, they are given up to revelling in lusts as the very acme of all of man's ambitions. And they are rest assured that that is the be-all and end-all of all hopes, and nothing lies beyond.
12. 'Bound by the bonds of a hundred hopes, and given up to lust and wrath, (they) un-justly yearn for hoarding up wealth to minister to gratify (their)lust' The bounds or bonds are those of hopes, by which they are fettered. They are wholly devoted to passions, the cultivation and gratification thereofconstituting the highest calls of life [nishthd). In order to gratify(their) passions,they long,by illegitimat methods,to amassriches. & c. 13- (Say they):"By me has thisto-day been gained; I shall gain this heart-desire; this money/ have,and again it, will Iearn." 7)i»=Land,sons etc. They have all been acquired by me,i. e., by my own exertion; there is no other unseen cause therefor. And whatever be my heart's-desires manoratha),I shall be ableto have them fulfilled by My self;no other unseen Agentexists, ' And this money that I have/ have earned indeed, by my own single individual efforts. And I am going to have more ofit too by my own effort. ?RIT ♦iMI &c. 14. (Say they); 'By has this foe been slain ; and others too / am going to slay. I am Lord, I am the enjoyer, /am self-existent, I am power ful,and happy.' " Powerful as I am, this foe has been despatched by
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