МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

Настоящие методические указания имеют целью помочь вам и вашей самостоятельной работе над развитием практических навыков чтения на английском языке.

Особенностью изучения иностранного языка в заочной системе обучения является то, что большая часть языкового материала должна прорабатываться самостоятельно. На аудиторные занятия отводится не менее 20 часов, на самостоятельную работу – 196 часов учебного времени (из общего количества 216 часов).

ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ И ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ

1. Количество контрольных заданий, выполняемых Вами на каждом курсе, устанавливается учебным планом университета. У методиста заочного отделения Вашего факультета или в библиотеке, Вы можете получить методические указания для выполнения контрольных работ.

2. Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в пяти вариантах. Вам необходимо выполнить контрольное задание №1 и контрольное задание №2, в каждом их которых выбрать по одному варианту, в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант № 1; на 3 или 4 – № 2; на 5 или 6 – № 3; на 7 или 8 – № 4; на 9 или 0 – № 5.

3. Выполнять контрольные работы в формате Word. Обязательно должен быть титульный лист, на котором должны быть указаны Ваша фамилия, номер контрольной работы и номер Вашего шифра.

4. Контрольные работы должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в которой они даны в настоящем пособии.

5. В данном контрольном задании выделяются один или два абзаца для проверки умения читать без словаря, понимать основную мысль, изложенную в абзаце. После текста дается контрольный вопрос, с помощью которого проверяется, насколько правильно и точно Вы поняли мысль, изложенную в абзаце (или абзацах).

6. Все тексты раздела «Тексты для самостоятельной работы» необходимо перевести на русский язык письменно.

7. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не полностью, она возвращается без проверки.

Для выполнения контрольного задания студентам рекомендуется использовать следующую литературу:

1. Английский язык для инженеров. Учебник для вузов. Т.Ю. Полякова, Е.В. Синявская, О.И. Тынкова, Э.С. Улановская. – М.: Высшая школа, 2002.

2. Курс английского языка для вечерних и заочных технических вузов. Учебник для вузов. Л.Н. Андрианова, Н.Ю. Багрова, Э.В. Ершова. – М.: Высшая школа, 2003.

3. Новосёлова И.З. Учебник английского языка для сельскохозяйственных и лесотехнических вузов. – М.: Высшая школа, 1984.

4. Англо-русский словарь. Сост. А.А. Акопян, А.Д. Травкина, С.С. Хватова. – М.: Мартин, 2001.

5. Русско-английский, англо-русский ветеринарный словарь. Сост. А.Р. Белоусова, М.Г. Таршис. – М.: Колос, 2000.

6. Словарь-минимум для специальностей биологического профиля. Сост. О.Б. Габдрахимов, С.А. Яковлева. – Иркутск: ИрГСХА, 2005.

По окончании первого года обучения студенты заочного отделения сдают зачёт, на втором курсе – зачет, экзамен.

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

Для того чтобы выполнить контрольную работу № 1, необходимо усвоить следующие грамматические темы:

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число имен существительных. Артикли. Выражение падежных отношений с помощью предлогов и окончания – s. Существительное в функции определения.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

3. Числительные.

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, неопределенные, отрицательные.

5. Глагол. Спряжения глаголов to be, to have (got). Оборот there is/are. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма. Модальные глаголы. Формы настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future) времени групп Indefinite (Simple), Continuous, Perfect в действительном залоге изъявительного наклонения.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s, какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Scientists use Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table in their scientific work.

2. Zoology studies animal life.

3. The seas and rivers are full of fish, which we eat.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. Air pollution is the result of man’s use of chemicals.

2. The forest area of the world is about 1,127 million hectares.

3. Big cities have a problem with air pollution.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The largest park and the most popular of the London parks is Hyde Park.

2. Wolves are more dangerous in winter.

3. The giraffe’ neck is longer than the tiger’s.

4. Lions are cleverer than tigers.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. There is no life without water.

2. Some fishes inhabit fresh-water rivers and lakes.

3. Somebody knocked at the door.

4. They have no English books on zoology.

V. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have (got). Предложения переведите.

1. I… a first-year student of the Agricultural Academy.

2. They… biologists.

3. She… a large family.

4. His brother… a doctor.

5. I… a big house in a village.

VI. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы. Переведите предложения, учитывая значения модальных глаголов.

1. It may rain today.

2. The largest giant salamander may reach a length of 1 m 80 cm and a weight of 45 kg.

3. Small species of frog whose body is only 2, 5 cm long, can jump 90 cm.

4. You should go to the library.

VII. В разделе а) раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужное время. В каждом предложении раздела б) определите видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Все предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Yellowstone (to become) world’s first national park in 1872.

2. Many species of animals (to live) free of danger from man in national park.

3. Scientists predict that by the year 2025 the population (to rise) 8.5 billion.

1. One form of air pollution is acid rains.

2. The first national park was set up in the USA.

3. African elephants are disappearing fast.

VIII. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 и 6 абзацы текста.

ZOOLOGY — A STUDY OF ANIMAL LIFE

1. The Animal Kingdom. Its Variety. Animals are found all over the world: from the frost-bound Arctic countries to the hot tropical areas, on mountain peaks and in the depths of the sea. Quite a number live in the same geographical zone as you do.

2. Everyone knows the domestic animals and has heard about bears and wolves, and has seen birds, lizards and frogs; everyone has eaten fish and some of you have even gone fishing. Insects, worms and snails are also animals. Some animals, like bacteria and one-celled algae, can be seen only under a microscope.

3. The animal kingdom is more varied than that of the plants. There are some 500,000 different species of plants and 1,500,000 different species of animals, i. e., three times as many.

4. Animals live in very different kinds of places, or, as we say, have different “natural homes” (habitats). Fish live in water; polar bears prefer the shores of the Arctic Ocean and its ice-floes, while brown bears like forests. Susliks, which are never found in forests, are very plentiful on the steppes. Earthworms live in the soil and burrow their way to the surface only after rain. Some animals are parasites that live in the bodies of other animals, for instance, the intestinal worms.

5. Animals play big part in man’s life. Ages ago, primitive people hunted them for meat and hides to make clothing and footwear. Some of the animals were gradually tamed and domesticated. At present, they provide us with meat and dairy products as well as raw materials for making our clothes and footwear.

6. Many of the wild animals are also of use to man. The seas and rivers are full of fish, which we eat; in the wood, there are fur-bearing animals whose pelts are very valuable; useful birds live everywhere, constantly destroying insects harmful to orchard and crops.

7. To protect useful animals, to take proper care of domestic animals, and to combat harmful animals, it is necessary to know all about their habits and constitutions. This is exactly what zoology as a science is interested in. Zoology studies animal life.

IX. Прочтите 7-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

1. What is zoology as a science interested in?

ста и ответьте на вопрос

ВАРИАНТ 2

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Water means life both for plants and animals.

2. Reptiles include such animals as lizards, snakes, crocodiles, tortoises.

3. My friend’s father is a biologist.

1. London is one of the largest river ports.

2. Paper and rubber industries are developed in New Zealand.

3. I live in a new three-room apartment.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Amoeba is one of the simplest members of the animal kingdom.

2. The days become shorter and the nights become longer.

3. There are more than 2500 species of fishes in the world.

4. Milk is the most useful product for all mammals.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. I met her and her sister.

2. She is a friend of mine.

3. Nobody knows anything about it.

4. Some anaconda species are up to 10, 5 to 12 meters in length.

V. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have (got). Предложения переведите

1. There… many big and small rivers, green forest, high mountains, lakes and seas in Russia.

2. They… good friends.

3. She… one sister and two brothers.

4. My brothers… students of the Irkutsk Agricultural Academy.

5. I… a student of Moscow University.

1. We must protect our environment.

2. I can do this work today.

3. Fish and sea animals may disappear.

4. We have to control atmospheric and water pollution.

1. Life (to began) in the ocean more than 3.5 billion years ago.

2. Yellowstone Park (to have) many areas with hot springs and geysers or hot water fountain.

3. My sister (to become) a biologist in two years.

1. He is working in the park now.

2. Now, radiation has become one of the main problems.

3. Many people died from radiation some year ago in Chernobyl.

VIII. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 и 5 абзацы текста.

CROCODILES

1. The crocodiles, a group of reptiles, spend the greater part of their lives in water. The Nile Crocodile, which inhabits the rivers and lakes of tropical Africa, is one of these.

2. This animal grows 6–8 meters long and resembles a lizard in appearance. It has a long body terminating in an equally long tail and two pairs of short legs. The tail is not round, however, but corn-pressed on either side. With the hind limbs, which have membranes between the toes, it forms an efficient swimming organ. On land, crocodiles are rather clumsy.

3. Other modifications that make for the ease of living in water are present in a number of its organs. The eyes and nostrils lie on the dorsal side of the head and protrude somewhat. By keeping close to the surface and exhibiting part of its head, the crocodile can breathe and observe the surroundings without having to show the rest of its body.

4. The crocodile eats only flesh. It hunts fish and birds, and is known to attack mammals as they come to the banks of rivers to drink. It drags the larger animals into the water and tears them apart. Smaller animals and birds are swallowed in one piece. Crocodiles have a bad reputation for attacking people. Therefore, it is dangerous to bathe in rivers in which they live.

5. Reproduction takes place on land. The female buries her several dozens of eggs in the sand on river banks. The eggs are white, oval, are large as those of a goose, and enclosed in a hard limy shell. Unlike the eggs of lizards and snakes, they contain not only yolk but also albumen. Embryos are incubated by the heat of the sun. The eggs hatch into little crocodiles, 20—25 cm. long, which immediately enter the water.

6. The crocodile is a typical representative of its class. Its body is covered with a horny armour; it breathes air; it reproduces by laying eggs. This makes it obvious that its ancestors lived on land and were subsequently re-adapted to an aquatic existence.

Apart from Africa, crocodiles are found in tropical countries of Asia and America.

IX. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

1. Why do we say that the ancestors of the crocodile lived on land?

ВАРИАНТ 3

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The amoeba grows until it reaches the maximum size and then it divides into two.

2. The frogs, newts and salamanders are amphibians.

3. Animals play a big part in man’s life.

1. Animal tissue, like plant tissue, is made up of cells.

2. I am a first-year student of the Academy.

3. Stomach cells help digest your food.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. July is the hottest month of the year.

2. There are more bacteria in the ground than on the mountains.

3. It is known that giant tortoises live longer than any other vertebrate animals.

4. The most dangerous snake in the world is king cobra of India and

China.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. Human beings kill many crocodiles for their skin.

2. Most snakes lay eggs and they usually find safe spots for them.

3. Some sea fish enter fresh water to breed, for instance salmon.

4. Most trees in tropical forests lose only a few leaves.

V. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have (got). Предложения переведите.

1. A year… four seasons and twelve months.

2. There… many fields and meadows in England.

3. London… a population of about 8 million people.

4. The dingo … one of Australia’s wild animals.

5. The seas… in danger.

1. You can see the kangaroo in Australia.

2. There are many kinds of transport in our big cities that is why we must pay attention to the protection of our nature.

3. I can drive a car well.

4. You may go home.

1. Millions of years ago, reptiles (to be) the dominant form animal life in sea, on land, and even in the air.

2. My sister (to live) in Irkutsk.

3. We (to have) much work last summer.

1. The scientist has visited our fur farm.

2. Specialists have estimated that the living turtle weighed about 6000 pounds.

3. The protection of natural resources and wildlife is becoming a political programme in every country.

VIII. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 и 7 абзацы текста.

The Ostrich of Africa

1. The anatomy of the Ostrich of Africa is quite different. It belongs to the order of flightless birds but is able to run at great speed. The Ostrich of Africa is by far the largest of living birds. A fully grown specimen stands 2 m. 75 cm. high to the top of its head, and may weigh 75 kg. It lives in open country and feeds on seeds, as well as insects and lizards. It can travel through the desert for several days without water.

2. It sometimes runs over very long distances in search of food and water. Ostriches depend on their fleetness for security. They can easily jump over obstacles; when alarmed they can run faster than a horse.

3. The wings are rudimentary and the ability to fly has long been lost. Ostriches use their wings only when running— as a steering mechanism when making sharp turns, or as sails, when there is a favourable wind.

4. The process of the lengthening of the legs was accompanied by the lengthening of the neck. If the neck were short, the Ostrich would be unable to pick up food from the ground. Its height, very keen sight and the fact that it lives on the plains make it possible for it to see an enemy a long way off.

5. The hen lays large eggs (twenty times the size of those of the domestic hen) in a hollow in the sand surrounded by a slight rampart of pebbles. The eggs are enclosed in hard shells.

6. During the day, the eggs are incubated by the hen: they are dusky— grey and hardly discernible against the sand. The male has glossy black plumage, with wing and tail-feathers of white; he is more conspicuous and takes care of the eggs at night.

7. Ostriches are hunted for their magnificent white feathers, and are bred on special farms. Their flesh and eggs are used as food.

Ostriches of Africa live in Askania-Nova, a steppe reservation in the Ukraine.

IX. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

1. How can you explain the fact that female Ostriches have a modest appearance while the male are very showy?

ВАРИАНТ 4

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There are more than 25000 species of fishes in the world.

2. Water performs important functions in plants and animals.

3. The giraffe’s neck is longer than the tiger’s.

1. Blood cells carry oxygen to different parts of the body.

2. Turtle eggs are good to eat and in some places, they are even preferred to hen’s eggs.

3. Some sea fish enter fresh water to breed, for instance salmon.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. London is one of the largest river ports.

2. The most active parts of plants and animals contain 70 per cent or more of water.

3. Milk is necessary for mammals during the earliest stages of growth.

4. Oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth’s surface.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. Some kinds of fish found along the coast of California lay their eggs on land.

2. Turtles that live in water bury themselves in the mud at the bottom.

3. There are no high mountains in England, no long rivers, and no large forests.

4. Our scientists try to forecast earthquakes, and then we can protect ourselves from them.

V. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have (got). Предложения переведите.

1. There… many big and small rivers, green forests, high mountains, lakes and seas in Russia.

2. London… many parks and gardens.

3. Hyde Park…a royal park since 1536.

4. The kiwi… now the symbol of New Zealand people.

5. Australia… a population of about 18 million people.

1. Amphibians can be of different sizes.

2. I think people must take care of our Motherland.

3. Many people like to pick up wild flowers that are why they may all disappear.

4. We have to control atmospheric and water pollution.

1. Trees (to be) one of man’s best friends.

2. Tomorrow we (to have) a very interesting lecture on botany.

3. Last year he (to study) Chemistry and Biology.

1. If we don’t use chemicals in proper way we’ll pollute our environment.

2. People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody else’s.

3. It has not rained for 2 weeks.

VIII. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 абзацы текста.

Hares

1. Hares are hunted for their flesh and fur, which is cheaper than that of the squirrel. The White Hare lives in the woods. In summer, its colour is chest-nut-grey, gradually changing in the autumn and winter to white, except the tips of the ears, which are always black. The white fur makes the animal hard to see in the snow.

2. Hares look very much like rabbits. They have the same sitting posture, but their hind legs are considerably longer. The ears are long and the tail is quite short. They move by making long leaps. The broad, thickly- furred soles of the foot make for ease of movement on soft snow. They eat vegetable matter including tree bark.

3. The doe (female hare) has two or three litters within one summer. Unlike rabbits, the young hares (leverets) are born in the open and have no nests for their protection. The leverets are more developed than young rabbits. They can see, the ears stand erect, and their bodies are coated with thick grey fur.

4. Soon after birth, having sucked their till of the mother’s milk (which has six times the fat content of cows mi1k), the leverets are placed in a “form” well hidden in the grass. There they lie quietly, protected by the colour of their fur and the almost complete absence of sweat glands. In some 3 or 4 day, when they become hungry, they leave the “form” and find their own mother, or some other doe, to suckle them. Teeth appear in about 8 or 9 days, and then the leverets are able to eat grass.

5. The Grey hare prefers warm, open places. It is rather larger than the White Hare and is different in colour. In winter, its back remains grey and only the two sides turn white. This colouring protects it only in areas without much snow.

Grey Hares can damage by gnawing the bark of fruit-trees.

IX. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

1. Why is it important for Hare to change colour in winter?

ВАРИАНТ 5

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Wolves hunt in different way from cats.

2. Water performs important functions in plants and animals.

3. Both man and beast hunt for turtles’ eggs.

1. Air pollution, smog, water pollution are the names of environmental problems.

2. Deserts have almost no plant life.

3. Most needleleaf forests grow in the north of our country.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Some fishes as adults are less than an inch in length.

2. The most active parts of plants and animals contain 70 per cent or more of water.

3. Milk is necessary for mammals during the earliest stages of growth.

4. The largest fish is the whale shark.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. Some fishes build nests and even guard them.

2. Any tree will grow here well.

3. Our scientists try to forecast earthquakes, and then we can protect ourselves from them.

4. None of these animals and plants will survive without our active help.

V. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have (got). Предложения переведите.

1. The body of the frog... no neck.

2. Crocodiles… a long-lived species.

3. Spiders… a poisonous bite with which they kill their victims.

4. Ostrich of Africa… the largest of living birds.

5. Zoology… an interesting science.

1. Ostriches can travel through the desert for several days without water.

2. We must protect our planet littering, air pollution, water pollution, destruction of natural resources.

3. Turtles may be found in sea-water, on land and in fresh water

4. She has to do this work.

1. There (to be) some artificial seas in our country.

2. The students of our Academy (to plant) many trees last year.

3. Tomorrow we (to have) an excursion in the Moscow Botanical garden.

1. Scientists have described about 6,000 species of mammals.

2. The protection of natural resources and wildlife is becoming a political programme in every country.

3. The work will be finished tomorrow.

VIII. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 и 5 абзацы текста.

ORDER PROBOSCIDEA

1. There are only two members of this order: the Indian Elephant and the African Elephant. They are the largest of the world’s land animals.

2. The Indian Elephant is on the average 3 m. high and weighs over 4 tons. Indian Elephants prefer to live in shady glades in tropical forests, where they roam with great agility.

3. The huge body of the Indian Elephant is supported on bulky, column-like legs terminating in small hoofed toes. The skin, which is very thick and almost hairless, is so strong that it is never scratched by the sharp edges of broken branches. Hair grows only on the tip of the tail and in a few places of the lack.

4. Elephants exist on vegetable matter: on leaves, grass, and the twigs and bark of trees, etc. Food is consumed in enormous quantities. In the Moscow Zoo, for example, each member of the elephants’ colony is daily provided with about 65 kg of hay, vegetables, bread, sugar and salt, and heaps of twigs. Tame elephants in India, which carry heavy loads, require even more.

5. Among the Indian Elephants, only the males have tusks, but among their African relatives, the females grow them as well. The tusks are of ivory. This is a solid substance used for making billiard balls, statuettes, brooches, etc.

6. Elephants do not reproduce rapidly. One female elephant at the Moscow Zoo had a calf in 1948 and another four years later. In captivity, they generally live up to 60—80 years.

In India, elephants are used for a great variety of tasks. One of these is carrying logs. Elephants easily learn to perform tricks.

IX. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

1. Do Elephants reproduce rapidly?

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Все тексты данного раздела необходимо перевести на русский язык письменно.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

People have thought that the environment is an unlimited source of re sources, that the atmosphere, forests, rivers and seas are capable of absorbing all wastes. The environment supplies the economy of any country with its resources such as timber, minerals and oil. As a result, natural resources are becoming reduced, air and water are polluted, and the environment is unable to absorb all its wastes.

For example, waste gases cause acid rains; this leads to forest damage and therefore reduces the resources of forests. Another problem is water shortage resulting from unlimited use of it. The third one is destroying the ozone layer of the Earth through pollution from plants and cars. One more problem is damage to wildlife. It is possible that some kinds of animals can disappear due to people’s activities.

Some territories in Russia are also suffering environmental problems. Many of these problems have been caused by economic activities. Many forests in the north of European Russia and the Far East are under threat.

If we want to live in a healthier world, we must learn to use the environment carefully and protect it from damage caused by our activities. Otherwise, very soon we will have no world to live in.

THE PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENT

One of the greatest problems of all modem cities is the environment pollution. Every year people consume more goods. Production of goods and services uses energy and natural resources (oil, gas, coal, wood, etc.). All these things are used faster than they can be replenished. Natural resources and energy are getting more expensive, and air and water are becoming seriously polluted. The problem of environmental pollution is well-known to most people. We have heard about it on television and radio, and have read in newspapers and magazines.

The worst environment pollution is caused by the manufacturers who put chemical wastes into rivers and seas. Another problem is air pollution. The air is polluted by traffic and smog from industrial enterprises.

The word smog comes from smoke and fog. Smog is a sort of fog with other substances mixed in it, which can be harmful, even deadly. Such dis eases as eczema and asthma arc linked to air pollution.

Materials like paper and glass can be reused, but unfortunately, many materials, especially plastics cannot he reused and cannot be absorbed by the earth again. Some plastics cannot even he destroyed. As a result of this people face the problem of preservation of our environment.

All these things are very serious and people must realize what will happen if they don’t do everything possible to reduce man-made atmospheric pollutants and smog.

POLLUTION

People have designed and produced up-to-date machines and technologies to make their life easier and more comfortable. But all these activities result in air and water pollution.

One of the most important problems is the oceans. A lot of ships crossing the oceans and seas, especially those that carry oil, put their wastes into water, and the water becomes dirty. As a result, many birds and fish die because of polluted water, others are getting contaminated and people may get sick from eating them.

The second problem is air pollution. Cars and plants pollute the atmosphere with their wastes. They destroy the ozone layer, which protects us from the dangerous light of the Sun. They also destroy forests, which are dying from acid rains.

Now people begin to realize the danger of their activities. People are concerned about the air and the water used by everyone; they are also concerned about the future of the planet because they understand that these activities affect the balance of nature.

In order to make our life not only easier but also better and healthier we must learn to protect the water, the air and the earth from pollution. Our planet belongs to our children and if we want our children to live in a healthier world, we must do everything to protect them from the catastrophe.

GREAT BRITAIN

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The area of the UK is 244,000 sq km and its population is 57 million people.

Great Britain has a maritime climate. British winters are mild. Summers are cold and rainy. Fogs often occur in autumn and in winter.

Most people live in cities and towns. Great Britain is a country of numerous cities. Birmingham is one of the largest cities in the country. It is well known for its high-quality steels, cars, aircraft, machinery and electrical engineering equipment.

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is a great producer of coal and steel. Great Britain has shipbuilding, machine building, automobile industry, chemicals, textiles and others. The industries are concentrated in the central part of the country. Ibis is the so-called “Black Country”. South-eastern England has less rain, more sun and more fertile soil. This part of the country is an old commercial and agricultural region and is called “Green England” for its fields.

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament. Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

THE USA

The United States of America lies in the central part of the North American Continent with the Atlantic Ocean to the East, the Pacific Ocean to the West, Canada to the North and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the South.

The USA covers the area of about 3,000,000 square miles. The population of the country is 250 million people.

The climate of the country is varied. One can find high mountains and prairies, tropical heat and arctic cold, valleys and deserts because the country occupies nearly half of the continent.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The main branches of industry are electronic, electrical, metallurgical, textile, chemical and many others. The largest cities of the USA are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and others.

The USA is a federation of 50 states, which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The Federal Government is headed by the President and the Congress consisting of Senate and the House of Representatives.

CANADA

Canada occupies a great part of the North American Continent. 1’lie area is about 9 million square kilometers and it is the second largest country in the world.

Most of Northern Canada has sub arctic and arctic climate. Long cold winters last 8-Il months and summers are very short. But in the South the climate is temperate.

There are many lakes in Canada. The biggest of them are the Great Lakes, which are on the US-Canada border. Niagara Falls attracts a lot of tourists from all over the world.

Canada is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. It is a world leader in the production of nickel, asbestos and other minerals. Canada has an ideal climate for growing wheat and barley. It is among the world’s leading wheat producers and is second in the export of wheat.

The population of Canada is 24 million people. English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal status and equal rights. Canada is a federation often provinces and two northern territories.

Ottawa is the capital of Canada with the population of 800,000 people.

RUSSIA

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies an area of 17 million square kilometers. Russia is washed by three oceans and twelve seas and borders on fourteen countries.

The population of the country is about 150 million people. Russia is a constitutional republic with President as Head of State. It is one of the leading powers in the world.

The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are situated in the North and the climate here is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental and in the South, it is subtropical.

If you look at the map of Russia, you will see the highest mountains in the Caucasus and the Altai, the Urals, separating Europe from Asia, many river and large lakes. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Lena in Asia. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and it has the purest water on earth.

Russia is a highly developed industrial country; Russia is very rich in natural resources such as oil, coal, gas, gold, diamonds and others. It has the largest oil and gas resources, concentrated in Siberia and Far East. It produces cars, machinery, chemicals, textile and many other items.

In 1957, our country successfully launched the world’s first satellite. The first manned spaceship “Vostok” piloted by Yuri Gagarin, the citizen of Russia, was launched on April 12, 1961. It opened a new era in the history of mankind.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

Для того, чтобы правля ильно выполнить задание №2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Видовременные формы глагола: а) активный залог формы Indefinite (Рrеsent, Рast and Future); формы Соntinuous (Рrеsent, Past, Future); формы Реrfect (Рrеsent, Раst аnd Future); б) пассивный залог — формы Indefinite (Рrеsent, Раst and Future).

Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Модальные глаголы: а) выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can — to be able; б) выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to, to be to, should.

З. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund – герундий, простые формы. Indefinite – инфинитив в функции: а) подлежащего: б) составной части сказуемого; в) определения; г) обстоятельства цели.

4. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

5. Грамматические функции и значения слов that (who), one, it.

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a) 1. I will be waiting for you at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

2. When I woke up this morning, the sun was shining high in the sky.

3. He wanted to go to Moscow, as he had never been there.

б) 1. On a global scale, the tropical rain forests have been called the world’s most threatened ecosystem.

2. The first national parks were established centuries ago.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Every animal has its place and role in nature, including the predator.

2. Protecting the environment from pollution, people improve the living conditions.

3. When given the book read the article about environment protection.

4. The work done by the young specialist gave good results.

5. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds.

III. Переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We are to do this experiment today.

2. Some plants can live in desert region.

3. The natural environment of the national parks must be completely intact.

4. To survive, every species must modify its environment.

5. You should have asked permission before you took the book.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. The people all over the world do everything to protect their nature.

2. He had ten minutes before he had to leave for work.

3. Don’t cut wild flowers.

4. They have got a nice house in the country.

5. The students are writing test now.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. We know that polluted air, land and water are harmful to plant, animals and people.

2. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.

3. Among the inhabitants of the Arctic regions, one can find the red wolf.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения в переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию.

1. He felt satisfaction in helping them.

2. There are different ways of solving this problem.

3. Protecting the environment from pollution is most important.

4. The captain is against loading goods on deck.

VII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. To know how a plant grows, you must study botany.

2. Much moisture is necessary for plants to grow well.

3. It is better to prevent pollution of the atmosphere than to liquidate its effect.

4. In order to preserve nature we mustn’t destroy the balance of the biosphere.

VIII. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 абзацы

RODENTIA (GNAWING MAMMALS)

1. The Order Rodentia is comprised of a large group of small mammals, which includes rabbits, squirrels, hares, susliks, rats, and mice. Rodents are found all over the world where there is vegetation to live on. Some, are useful, others are not.

2. Squirrel. The most useful rodent is the Squirrel, a slender beautiful animal hunted for its fur. It has a bushy tail and long brush-pointed ears.

3. In summer, the squirrel is chest-nut-red, to match the bark of the coniferous trees where it lives. In autumn, when it moults it changes colour, and is covered with thicker fur of different shades of grey, which makes it almost unnoticeable among the snow-covered branches and twigs. The winter pelt of the squirrel is used to make warm, soft and beautiful fur.

4. Squirrels keep to wooded districts and live in trees, leaping from branch to branch and even from tree to tree with extraordinary agility, assisted by their longer hind legs. The tail serves both as a rudder and as parachute supporting the body in the air.

5. Squirrels eat pine and spruce seeds. When the harvest of cones is poor they leave that area and may travel considerable distances in search of a more favourable environment. They also eat cedar and other nuts, acorns, and mushrooms.

6. The teeth resemble those of a rabbit. They are characterized by long, sharp incisors, which crush nuts easily, and molars, which they use to grind food. There are no canines—a feature typical of all rodents. The incisors and grinding teeth are divided by a toothless gap. However, the smaller incisors, which are found in the rabbit’s mouth behind the big ones, are absent.

7. Nests are built as a shelter from bad weather, and in which to raise the young. They are usually made in hollows in trees or else in higher branches (from twigs and moss). Squirrels do not hibernate because they store enough food for winter.

IX. Прочтите 4 абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

1. Why do we say that squirrels are adapted to live in trees?

ВАРИАНТ 2

a) 1. Many valuable animal species have become almost extinct because of economic activities of man.

2. When he met me I was walking to the Academy and had little time to talk to him.

3. He wanted to go to Minsk, as he had never been there.

б) 1. On a global scale, the tropical rain forests have been called the world’s most threatened ecosystem.

2. Reservations are established to protect valuable species of animals.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Look at the trees growing in the garden.

2. Working at this problem, they had to read many journals on biology.many jonproblem they den.the balanceof

3. When given the book read the article about environment protection.

4. The work done by the young specialist gave good results.

5. Reading this book, I did not use a dictionary.

1. We are to do this work today.

2. Most snakes can swallow objects several times the diameter of their head.

3. We have to use water more efficiently.

4. The natural environment of the national parks must be intact.

5. You should have asked permission before you took the book.

1. Do you agree with me?

2. He had twenty minutes before he had to leave for work.

3. Sable hunting is an interesting and difficult art.

4. She has a large family.

5. The students are planting trees now.

1. Belovezhskaya Pushcha is a sanctuary that looks wonderfully beautiful in spring an

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