МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ 2 страница

IX. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

1. Why is it important for Hare to change colour in winter?

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s, какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Wolves hunt in different way from cats.

2. Water performs important functions in plants and animals.

3. Both man and beast hunt for turtles’ eggs.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. Air pollution, smog, water pollution are the names of environmental problems.

2. Deserts have almost no plant life.

3. Most needleleaf forests grow in the north of our country.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Some fishes as adults are less than an inch in length.

2. The most active parts of plants and animals contain 70 per cent or more of water.

3. Milk is necessary for mammals during the earliest stages of growth.

4. The largest fish is the whale shark.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. Some fishes build nests and even guard them.

2. Any tree will grow here well.

3. Our scientists try to forecast earthquakes, and then we can protect ourselves from them.

4. None of these animals and plants will survive without our active help.

V. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have (got). Предложения переведите.

1. The body of the frog... no neck.

2. Crocodiles… a long-lived species.

3. Spiders… a poisonous bite with which they kill their victims.

4. Ostrich of Africa… the largest of living birds.

5. Zoology… an interesting science.

VI. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы. Переведите предложения, учитывая значения модальных глаголов.

1. Ostriches can travel through the desert for several days without water.

2. We must protect our planet littering, air pollution, water pollution, destruction of natural resources.

3. Turtles may be found in sea-water, on land and in fresh water

4. She has to do this work.

VII. В разделе а) раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужное время. В каждом предложении раздела б) определите видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Все предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. There (to be) some artificial seas in our country.

2. The students of our Academy (to plant) many trees last year.

3. Tomorrow we (to have) an excursion in the Moscow Botanical garden.

1. Scientists have described about 6,000 species of mammals.

2. The protection of natural resources and wildlife is becoming a political programme in every country.

3. The work will be finished tomorrow.

VIII. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 и 5 абзацы текста.

ORDER PROBOSCIDEA

1. There are only two members of this order: the Indian Elephant and the African Elephant. They are the largest of the world’s land animals.

2. The Indian Elephant is on the average 3 m. high and weighs over 4 tons. Indian Elephants prefer to live in shady glades in tropical forests, where they roam with great agility.

3. The huge body of the Indian Elephant is supported on bulky, column-like legs terminating in small hoofed toes. The skin, which is very thick and almost hairless, is so strong that it is never scratched by the sharp edges of broken branches. Hair grows only on the tip of the tail and in a few places of the lack.

4. Elephants exist on vegetable matter: on leaves, grass, and the twigs and bark of trees, etc. Food is consumed in enormous quantities. In the Moscow Zoo, for example, each member of the elephants’ colony is daily provided with about 65 kg of hay, vegetables, bread, sugar and salt, and heaps of twigs. Tame elephants in India, which carry heavy loads, require even more.

5. Among the Indian Elephants, only the males have tusks, but among their African relatives, the females grow them as well. The tusks are of ivory. This is a solid substance used for making billiard balls, statuettes, brooches, etc.

6. Elephants do not reproduce rapidly. One female elephant at the Moscow Zoo had a calf in 1948 and another four years later. In captivity, they generally live up to 60—80 years.

In India, elephants are used for a great variety of tasks. One of these is carrying logs. Elephants easily learn to perform tricks.

IX. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

1. Do Elephants reproduce rapidly?

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Все тексты данного раздела необходимо перевести на русский язык письменно.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

People have thought that the environment is an unlimited source of re sources, that the atmosphere, forests, rivers and seas are capable of absorbing all wastes. The environment supplies the economy of any country with its resources such as timber, minerals and oil. As a result, natural resources are becoming reduced, air and water are polluted, and the environment is unable to absorb all its wastes.

For example, waste gases cause acid rains; this leads to forest damage and therefore reduces the resources of forests. Another problem is water shortage resulting from unlimited use of it. The third one is destroying the ozone layer of the Earth through pollution from plants and cars. One more problem is damage to wildlife. It is possible that some kinds of animals can disappear due to people’s activities.

Some territories in Russia are also suffering environmental problems. Many of these problems have been caused by economic activities. Many forests in the north of European Russia and the Far East are under threat.

If we want to live in a healthier world, we must learn to use the environment carefully and protect it from damage caused by our activities. Otherwise, very soon we will have no world to live in.

THE PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENT

One of the greatest problems of all modem cities is the environment pollution. Every year people consume more goods. Production of goods and services uses energy and natural resources (oil, gas, coal, wood, etc.). All these things are used faster than they can be replenished. Natural resources and energy are getting more expensive, and air and water are becoming seriously polluted. The problem of environmental pollution is well-known to most people. We have heard about it on television and radio, and have read in newspapers and magazines.

The worst environment pollution is caused by the manufacturers who put chemical wastes into rivers and seas. Another problem is air pollution. The air is polluted by traffic and smog from industrial enterprises.

The word smog comes from smoke and fog. Smog is a sort of fog with other substances mixed in it, which can be harmful, even deadly. Such dis eases as eczema and asthma arc linked to air pollution.

Materials like paper and glass can be reused, but unfortunately, many materials, especially plastics cannot he reused and cannot be absorbed by the earth again. Some plastics cannot even he destroyed. As a result of this people face the problem of preservation of our environment.

All these things are very serious and people must realize what will happen if they don’t do everything possible to reduce man-made atmospheric pollutants and smog.

POLLUTION

People have designed and produced up-to-date machines and technologies to make their life easier and more comfortable. But all these activities result in air and water pollution.

One of the most important problems is the oceans. A lot of ships crossing the oceans and seas, especially those that carry oil, put their wastes into water, and the water becomes dirty. As a result, many birds and fish die because of polluted water, others are getting contaminated and people may get sick from eating them.

The second problem is air pollution. Cars and plants pollute the atmosphere with their wastes. They destroy the ozone layer, which protects us from the dangerous light of the Sun. They also destroy forests, which are dying from acid rains.

Now people begin to realize the danger of their activities. People are concerned about the air and the water used by everyone; they are also concerned about the future of the planet because they understand that these activities affect the balance of nature.

In order to make our life not only easier but also better and healthier we must learn to protect the water, the air and the earth from pollution. Our planet belongs to our children and if we want our children to live in a healthier world, we must do everything to protect them from the catastrophe.

GREAT BRITAIN

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The area of the UK is 244,000 sq km and its population is 57 million people.

Great Britain has a maritime climate. British winters are mild. Summers are cold and rainy. Fogs often occur in autumn and in winter.

Most people live in cities and towns. Great Britain is a country of numerous cities. Birmingham is one of the largest cities in the country. It is well known for its high-quality steels, cars, aircraft, machinery and electrical engineering equipment.

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is a great producer of coal and steel. Great Britain has shipbuilding, machine building, automobile industry, chemicals, textiles and others. The industries are concentrated in the central part of the country. Ibis is the so-called “Black Country”. South-eastern England has less rain, more sun and more fertile soil. This part of the country is an old commercial and agricultural region and is called “Green England” for its fields.

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament. Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

THE USA

The United States of America lies in the central part of the North American Continent with the Atlantic Ocean to the East, the Pacific Ocean to the West, Canada to the North and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the South.

The USA covers the area of about 3,000,000 square miles. The population of the country is 250 million people.

The climate of the country is varied. One can find high mountains and prairies, tropical heat and arctic cold, valleys and deserts because the country occupies nearly half of the continent.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The main branches of industry are electronic, electrical, metallurgical, textile, chemical and many others. The largest cities of the USA are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and others.

The USA is a federation of 50 states, which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The Federal Government is headed by the President and the Congress consisting of Senate and the House of Representatives.

CANADA

Canada occupies a great part of the North American Continent. 1’lie area is about 9 million square kilometers and it is the second largest country in the world.

Most of Northern Canada has sub arctic and arctic climate. Long cold winters last 8-Il months and summers are very short. But in the South the climate is temperate.

There are many lakes in Canada. The biggest of them are the Great Lakes, which are on the US-Canada border. Niagara Falls attracts a lot of tourists from all over the world.

Canada is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. It is a world leader in the production of nickel, asbestos and other minerals. Canada has an ideal climate for growing wheat and barley. It is among the world’s leading wheat producers and is second in the export of wheat.

The population of Canada is 24 million people. English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal status and equal rights. Canada is a federation often provinces and two northern territories.

Ottawa is the capital of Canada with the population of 800,000 people.

RUSSIA

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies an area of 17 million square kilometers. Russia is washed by three oceans and twelve seas and borders on fourteen countries.

The population of the country is about 150 million people. Russia is a constitutional republic with President as Head of State. It is one of the leading powers in the world.

The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are situated in the North and the climate here is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental and in the South, it is subtropical.

If you look at the map of Russia, you will see the highest mountains in the Caucasus and the Altai, the Urals, separating Europe from Asia, many river and large lakes. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Lena in Asia. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and it has the purest water on earth.

Russia is a highly developed industrial country; Russia is very rich in natural resources such as oil, coal, gas, gold, diamonds and others. It has the largest oil and gas resources, concentrated in Siberia and Far East. It produces cars, machinery, chemicals, textile and many other items.

In 1957, our country successfully launched the world’s first satellite. The first manned spaceship “Vostok” piloted by Yuri Gagarin, the citizen of Russia, was launched on April 12, 1961. It opened a new era in the history of mankind.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

Для того, чтобы правля ильно выполнить задание №2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Видовременные формы глагола: а) активный залог формы Indefinite (Рrеsent, Рast and Future); формы Соntinuous (Рrеsent, Past, Future); формы Реrfect (Рrеsent, Раst аnd Future); б) пассивный залог — формы Indefinite (Рrеsent, Раst and Future).

Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Модальные глаголы: а) выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can — to be able; б) выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to, to be to, should.

З. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund – герундий, простые формы. Indefinite – инфинитив в функции: а) подлежащего: б) составной части сказуемого; в) определения; г) обстоятельства цели.

4. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

5. Грамматические функции и значения слов that (who), one, it.

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a) 1. I will be waiting for you at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

2. When I woke up this morning, the sun was shining high in the sky.

3. He wanted to go to Moscow, as he had never been there.

б) 1. On a global scale, the tropical rain forests have been called the world’s most threatened ecosystem.

2. The first national parks were established centuries ago.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Every animal has its place and role in nature, including the predator.

2. Protecting the environment from pollution, people improve the living conditions.

3. When given the book read the article about environment protection.

4. The work done by the young specialist gave good results.

5. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds.

III. Переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We are to do this experiment today.

2. Some plants can live in desert region.

3. The natural environment of the national parks must be completely intact.

4. To survive, every species must modify its environment.

5. You should have asked permission before you took the book.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. The people all over the world do everything to protect their nature.

2. He had ten minutes before he had to leave for work.

3. Don’t cut wild flowers.

4. They have got a nice house in the country.

5. The students are writing test now.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. We know that polluted air, land and water are harmful to plant, animals and people.

2. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.

3. Among the inhabitants of the Arctic regions, one can find the red wolf.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения в переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию.

1. He felt satisfaction in helping them.

2. There are different ways of solving this problem.

3. Protecting the environment from pollution is most important.

4. The captain is against loading goods on deck.

VII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. To know how a plant grows, you must study botany.

2. Much moisture is necessary for plants to grow well.

3. It is better to prevent pollution of the atmosphere than to liquidate its effect.

4. In order to preserve nature we mustn’t destroy the balance of the biosphere.

VIII. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 абзацы

RODENTIA (GNAWING MAMMALS)

1. The Order Rodentia is comprised of a large group of small mammals, which includes rabbits, squirrels, hares, susliks, rats, and mice. Rodents are found all over the world where there is vegetation to live on. Some, are useful, others are not.

2. Squirrel. The most useful rodent is the Squirrel, a slender beautiful animal hunted for its fur. It has a bushy tail and long brush-pointed ears.

3. In summer, the squirrel is chest-nut-red, to match the bark of the coniferous trees where it lives. In autumn, when it moults it changes colour, and is covered with thicker fur of different shades of grey, which makes it almost unnoticeable among the snow-covered branches and twigs. The winter pelt of the squirrel is used to make warm, soft and beautiful fur.

4. Squirrels keep to wooded districts and live in trees, leaping from branch to branch and even from tree to tree with extraordinary agility, assisted by their longer hind legs. The tail serves both as a rudder and as parachute supporting the body in the air.

5. Squirrels eat pine and spruce seeds. When the harvest of cones is poor they leave that area and may travel considerable distances in search of a more favourable environment. They also eat cedar and other nuts, acorns, and mushrooms.

6. The teeth resemble those of a rabbit. They are characterized by long, sharp incisors, which crush nuts easily, and molars, which they use to grind food. There are no canines—a feature typical of all rodents. The incisors and grinding teeth are divided by a toothless gap. However, the smaller incisors, which are found in the rabbit’s mouth behind the big ones, are absent.

7. Nests are built as a shelter from bad weather, and in which to raise the young. They are usually made in hollows in trees or else in higher branches (from twigs and moss). Squirrels do not hibernate because they store enough food for winter.

IX. Прочтите 4 абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

1. Why do we say that squirrels are adapted to live in trees?

ВАРИАНТ 2

a) 1. Many valuable animal species have become almost extinct because of economic activities of man.

2. When he met me I was walking to the Academy and had little time to talk to him.

3. He wanted to go to Minsk, as he had never been there.

б) 1. On a global scale, the tropical rain forests have been called the world’s most threatened ecosystem.

2. Reservations are established to protect valuable species of animals.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Look at the trees growing in the garden.

2. Working at this problem, they had to read many journals on biology.many jonproblem they den.the balanceof

3. When given the book read the article about environment protection.

4. The work done by the young specialist gave good results.

5. Reading this book, I did not use a dictionary.

1. We are to do this work today.

2. Most snakes can swallow objects several times the diameter of their head.

3. We have to use water more efficiently.

4. The natural environment of the national parks must be intact.

5. You should have asked permission before you took the book.

1. Do you agree with me?

2. He had twenty minutes before he had to leave for work.

3. Sable hunting is an interesting and difficult art.

4. She has a large family.

5. The students are planting trees now.

1. Belovezhskaya Pushcha is a sanctuary that looks wonderfully beautiful in spring and in summer.

2. It is unfortunate that so many people are either afraid of reptiles or are repulsed by them.

3. Nature conservation must be regarded as one of the most important problems facing mankind.

1. They intended going to Odessa in summer.

2. There are different ways of solving this problem.

3. Moving water from clouds to land is a never-ending cycle.

4. Reading books is my favorite occupation.

1. To know how a plant grows, you must study botany.

2. Much moisture is necessary for plants to grow well.

3. When we use natural resources, we should be careful not to destroy the balance of the biosphere.

4. To preserve animal population it is necessary to strictly obey laws on nature conservation.

VIII. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7абзацы

Reindeer

1. These animals are found wild and have also been domesticated. They are especially adapted for living in the tundra, with its swamps, scanty vegetation and long, rigorous winter. A reindeer is a big animal with long legs. It is capable of travelling at great speed. The reindeer can run with ease over the snow in winter and the marshes in summer.

2. The head is crowned with large bony antlers, branching and solid, which are shed every year and grow afresh in a few months. All deer have antlers. At first, they have a “velvet” covering of skin which later shrivels and peels off. With the exception of the reindeer, females do not have antlers.

3. The body is covered with thick fur. The new fur, which grows after shedding the old coat in autumn, proves an excellent protection against the severe northern cold because it retains much air.

4. In the tundra, vegetation is not abundant, but the reindeer “do not complain”. In summer, they eat the leaves of low-growing bushes and grass, and in winter, their diet is limited to reindeer lichen. They find lichen when they clear away the snow with their strong hoots. The reindeer is a ruminant. Its digestive organs are similar to those of a cow.

5. One (rarely two) fawn is born every year, and is developed enough to be able to run after its mother a few hours after birth.

6. Domesticated reindeer are invaluable in the tundra. People rely on them for food (milk and meat), clothing, footwear, and transport. Reindeer breeding is an important branch of Russian economy in northern regions.

7. The domesticated breeds differ little from their wild relatives, but they have thicker and longer fur and weaker antlers. Both breeds live in the open and have to forage for food throughout the four seasons of the year. However, herds of domestic reindeer are protected from enemies and driven to better pastures. Of course, they are also kept under veterinary observation.

IX. Прочтите 3 абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

1. Why is a coat made of reindeer fur so warm?

ВАРИАНТ 3

a) 1. I will be waiting for you at 9 o’clock next Friday.

2. She was sitting there doing nothing.

3. He wanted to go to London, as he had never been there.

б) 1. The table is made of wood.

2. Many wild animals are hunted for their pelts.

1. The working man is his brother.

2. Being in Moscow, he visited us.

3. When given the book read the article about environment protection.

4. The work done by the young specialist gave good results.

5. Reptiles lay large eggs protected by calcareous shells.

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