МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ 4 страница

The Standard Dark is the major theme, and each mutation is a variation of this theme.

Beaver

Several decades ago, there were just a few colonies of beavers left. A paramount role in restoring their number in the Soviet Union was played the Voronezh State Preserve. An experimental farm was opened on its grounds, directed for more than 20 years by selectionist Leonid Lavrow, who contributed no small effort and knowledge to the cause of multiplying the numbers of beavers.

While studying these animals in captivity, the attendants of the preserve arrived at the conclusion that beaver propagation depended largely on the natural conditions created them on the farm. At first, they were kept in square cages. Then a cage of special design was built for them. It consists of a small wooden house set up on the bank of Usmanka River with a bottom exit to a large cage whose lower end is submerged in the river. The cage is sufficiently deep for swimming and diving. This experiment was a success, and the farm began to breed beavers in large quantities for the first time in the world.

Since the beaver is a noctural animal, it receives a supper of aspen branches, bark carrots and bran at a certain hour after sundown.

Sea Otters

By the 1950’s it began to be noticed that the numbers of sea otters were increasing sharply almost everywhere as a result of protection which began in 1911 with the signing of an agreement between Russia, the United States, Canada, and Japan. American zoologists have cultivated that in the Aleutians and south Alaska the sea otter population must now have reached 30,000. In 1957 about 1,500 were counted on the Komandorskie Islands, several hundred in Kamchatka, 3,500 to 4,000 in the Kuriles, and more than 600 of the southern race, on the Californian coast.

The world sea otter population has therefore risen to the impressive number of about 36,500, and the animal has almost completely re-established itself in its former territories.

The sea otter is quite a large animal, the length of its body and tail reaches about 5 feet, and it weights up to 90 pounds. It bears a general resemblance to the river otter, but has many distinctive features of its own. The hair is exceptionally soft and silky. Sea otters are mainly dark brown or almost black, but a hint of silver showing through the darker fur.

They live on rocky coasts with offshore reefs, on small rocky islands constantly drenched by surf, or amid thickets of sea kale. They find their food in the water and on the surface.

When lying relaxed in the water this otter has a very characteristic posture. It sprawls on its back, belly upwards, and rocks gently in the waves. In this position, it usually feeds, and the female holds her young to her breast. The sea otter can swim extremely well.

Black Bear

A recent conference on bears in the West revealed that the Pennsylvania black bear has developed many traits and habits uncommon to other parts of the country.

For example, other states were amazed to learn that Pennsylvania cubs weighing up to 120 pound have been taken in autumn of the year they were born. In many states, weights of bears this age would be closer to 25 or 35 pounds. One yearling, an 18-month old bear, weighed in at 234 pounds. Although the brown or cinnamon phase is common in western states, Pennsylvania black bears are almost always black. Even though they may be brown as early cubs, most soon turn black.

Although Pennsylvania bears, as e1sewhere, are normally semi-hibernators, there are females with cubs that continue to move and eat throughout the winter month without taking to a den. The omnivorous eating habits of our bears frequently get them into trouble when they develop a taste for pigs, chickens, corn, honey and bees and the contents of porch-side refrigerators. However, the do prefer the densest kind of cover and, although they eat sparingly in early spring, in fall they take whatever food they can get wherever they can find it.

One bear was back home in three days after being transported 40 miles; another travelled 32 miles to return in 69 hours.

Although the female black bear usually breeds at 3,5 years, there is evidence that some in Pennsylvania breed a year earlier. Twin cubs are usual for hears, but one was observed in Pennsilvania with five cubs, and quadruplets are not uncommon. Triplets are common, although the first litter usually consists of but twins.

The Asiatic Wild Ass

The Asiatic wild Ass (its Russian name is kulan) is light and well-built, with long legs. Its head is rather heavy, and its ears are longer than a horse’s, which could seem ugly or even deformed to a fanatical horse-lover. Even less beautiful is its short tail with its browny-black tuft, like that of an ordinary ass or zebra. However, to see them speeding with amazing grace across the desert, outdistancing the fastest horse, is a wonderful sight.

These hardy asses are capable of covering tremendous distances. It can reach speeds up to 40 mph (even at 7 to 10 days old a foal can manage 25 mph) and can maintain this pace for several miles. Over short 100-yard sprints it will go at 45 mph or even more.

Feed. Like the horse, the asiatic wild ass, feeds on many types of grassy plants. Cereals and wormwood are the most important elements in its diet. The proportion of the different element in its diet differs markedly according to its locale conditions, and time of year.

Water. Watering places, of course, play a very important part in the animals’ life. In the hot dry periods of the year when there is not much moisture in the grasses, they have to drink regularly or their life becomes unbearable. It is the water supply which determines their summer territory, time-table, and activities. In spring, when fodder is juicy enough to provide sufficient water, they can go without watering, but they will drink if there is water in the vicinity. As soon as the moisture contents of the grass drops below 50 to 55 per cent they move off to new pastures.

Males and females. The herd is led by an old female and the rest follow in a line behind her. The male as a rule comes to the water last.

The female reaches sexual maturity at two to three years, and bears her first foal when she is three or four. The male also matures at three, but only mates at four or five when he has managed to win his herd of females. The male commands this herd usually until he is nine or ten. Females can bear young until they are about 15, though it is more usual for them to cease at about 12 or 13. In favourable conditions, females produce offspring every year.

WHAT A FOREST IS?

Forests to a non-specialist seem to be nothing but a collection of trees. The closer they are examined, the more they differ. Furthermore, their difference may be expressed in a great number of ways. Some scientists write, “A plant association mainly of trees or other woody vegetation occupying an area of land is a forest”. Others say that a collection of trees becomes a forest only when it has sufficient density and covers a large enough area to develop local climatic and ecological conditions that are different from those outside. There must be some changes in temperature, moisture, light and wind as well as in the character of upper soil layer. With these changes comes different vegetation under the trees and different animal life in the forest. In technical language, a specialist says that a forest “biocenoze” has been set up. Originally, “forest” meant simply wild or uncultivated land. Today the term “forest” is some times applied to an economic unit of operating area. A forest of trees of similar age and composition is called a “stand”. Every stand has more or less regular upper layer of green crowns, called “the forest canopy” under which there may be an open space except for the stems of the forest trees or more or less occupied with lower canopies. They are called understories and are typical of tropical forests but may be in the forests of the temperature zone too.

Very often, a single understorey consists of saplings which are coming in to replace the falling stand of veterans above. Where the forest is open or thin there may be ground cover of grass. The nature of this cover is very different. In dense forests the ground under the trees — the forest floor — may have no living vegetation and be covered with dead leaves and branches.

The species composition of the forest is one of the most important features. The stand may be composed of a single species making a pure forest or several species are associated to form a mixed forest. Perfectly pure forests over large areas occur not often however. It was observed that species do not do well when planted in pure stands, especially upon usual forest soils. The reason is that they make very heavy demands upon soil plant food (nutrients). Such pure stands may do well in youth, but as they become older, their growth becomes very slow and the trees die.

Stands are classified according to age classes of which they are composed. Even-aged stand is one in which all the trees are of one age. Uneven-aged stand, on the other hand, theoretically has trees of every age, from seedlings to old veterans.

СЛОВАРЬ-МИНИМУМ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ФАКУЛЬТЕТА ОХОТОВЕДЕНИЯ

abdomen n

брюшная полость

aboriginal a

местный

absorb v

поглощать, всасывать

abundance n

обилие

acacia n

акация

accidental a

случайный (вид)

accumulate v

накапливать

adaptive a

приспособляющийся

adjacent a

смежный

adult n

взрослый

African antelope n

африканская антилопа

agent n

средство (агент)

aggression n

агрессия

alarm n

тревога

albatross (black-footed) n

альбатрос (черноногий)

alder n

ольха

alpine rose n

багульник

amphibian n

амфибия

anaconda n

анаконда

anatomy n

анатомия

animal n

животное

animal husbandry n

животноводство

ant n

муравей

antbird n

муравьеядная птица

antelope n

антилопа

aquatic a

водный

Arctic fox n

песец

arid, dry a

засушливый

ash berry n

рябина

Asian elephant n

Индийский слон

aspen n

осина

aster n

астра

attraction n

привлечение

authority n

власть

available a

доступный, имеющийся в наличии

baboon n

павиан, гелада

back n

спина

badger n

барсук

Baikal seal n

Байкальская нерпа

bait n

приманка

bare a

голый

barren n

пустошь

bat n

летучая мышь

bathing n

купание

be replenished v

снова пополняться

beach n

отмель

beak, bill n

клюв

bean goose n

гуменник

bear n

медведь

beast n

зверь

beaver n

бобр

behavior n

поведение

belly n

брюшко

benefit n

выгода

berries n

ягоды

bevy n

стая

bias n

погрешность измерения

binocular, field glasses n

бинокль

biodiversity n

биоразнообразие

biology n

биология

birch n

берёза

bird n

птица

bird cherry n

черёмуха

bird of passage, migratory bird n

перелётная птица

bird of prey n

хищная птица

bird’s eye n

с высоты птичьего полёта

birder n

любитель птиц

birdwatching n

наблюдение за птицами

bison n

зубр, бизон

black bear n медведь)

барибал (североамериканский

black kite n

коршун черный

black-billed capercaillie n

глухарь каменный

blackbird n

дрозд, черный дрозд

blackcock n

тетерев

black-winged kite n

коршун чернокрылый

blood n

кровь

bloodstream n

кровоток

blueberry n

голубика

boar n

кабан

bobcat n

рыжая рысь

bold a

смелая (птица)

booted eagle n

орел-карлик

bottomland n

пойма

bound n

граница

breast n

грудь

breeding n

размножение

brood n

выводок

broody-hen n

наседка

brown hare n

заяц-русак

brown shrike n

сорокопут-жулан сибирский

bug n

жук

bullfinch n

снегирь

buried p.p.

захороненный

burrow n

нора

bush n

куст

buzzard n

сарыч, канюк

cache n

запас пищи

cackle n

кудахтанье

calculate, estimate v

вычислять, подсчитывать

call n

голос

callow a

неоперившийся

camel n

верблюд

Canada goose n

казарка канадская

canary(bird) n

канарейка, канареечный вьюрок

canned food n

еда в консервных банках

capture n

захват

carbon dioxide n

углекислый газ

caribou n

карибу, северный олень

carnivore n

плотоядное животное

carrion n

падаль

cassowary n

казуар

casual a

залётный (вид)

caw v

каркать

cedar n

кедр

census n

учёт численности

chaffinch n

зяблик

chamois n

серна

chick n

цыплёнок

chimpanzee n

обыкновенный шимпанзе

Chinese grass carp n

китайский белый амур

circling n

кружение

claim v

пометить (территорию)

classification n

классификация

clustered p.p.

сгрупированный

clutch n

кладка

cobra n

кобра, очковая змея

column n

позвоночник

common a

обычный, общераспространённый(вид)

common buzzard n

канюк

common goldeneye n

гоголь

common pheasant n

фазан

common pintail n

шилохвость

common shoveler n

широконоска

common snipe n

бекас

common teal n

чирок-свистунок

community n

сообщество

competition n

соревнование, конкуренция

concealment n

затаивание

condor n

кондор

coniferous a

хвойный

consumption n

потребление

contamination n

загрязнение

cony n

кролик, хутия, пищуха

coot n

лысуха

copulate v

совокупляться

core n

ядро

cormorant n

баклан большой

couple n

пара

courtship n

ухаживание

coverage n

покрытие

coyote n

койот, луговой волк

coypu n

нутрия, болотный бобр, койпу

crab n

краб

cranberry n

клюква

crane n

вытягивать шею

crane n

журавль

crayfish n

рак, речной рак

crest n

хохол

crocodile n

крокодил

crop n

зоб

crossbill n

клёст

crow n

ворона

crown n

темя

crucial a

критический

crustacean n

ракообразное

cuckoo n

кукушка

cue n

стимул

curved p.p.

загнутый (клюв)

cycle of nature n

круговорот природы

dabbling duck n речная утка

dam n самка

damage n вред, ущерб

danger n опасность

deciduous a смешанный (лес)

decline n снижение

deer n олень

deface the land v портить землю

deforestation n вырубка леса

denizen n акклиматизированная птица

desert n пустыня

desman n выхухоль

detrimental a вредный

devolution n вырождение

diet n пища, рацион питания

digestion n пищеварение, усвоение

disaster n бедствие, катастрофа

discrete a дискретный

disguise v маскировать

dispersal n рассредоточение

distinguishing mark n диагностический признак

distract v отвлекать

distribution n распределение

disturbed p.p. нарушенный

dive v нырять

diving duck n нырковая утка

dog rose n шиповник

dominate v доминировать

dormancy n покой

down n холмистая местность

drain the Earth’s capital v истощать богатства земли

drained p.p. осушенный

drake n селезень

duck n утка

duiker n дукер, хохлатая антилопа

eagle n орёл

eagle owl n

филин

ecology n

экология

ecosystem n

экосистема

egg n

яйцо

elder n бузина

electivity n

выборность, избирательность

elephant n слон

elk n лось

elm n вяз

embryo n

зародыш

emu n

эму

enjoy the fresh air v

наслаждаться свежим воздухом

environment n

окружающая среда

ermine n горностай

eroded and salinated p.p. размытое и разъеденное солью

escape v спасаться

estimate v оценивать

European pochard n

красноголовый нырок

European sparrow-hawk n

ястреб-перепелятник

excess n

избыток

excrement n

испражнение

exhaust v

истощаться

exotic a

экзотический

explore v

исследовать

eyebrow n

бровь

falcon n

сокол

fall n

осень

fallow deer n лань

familiarity n

дружественные отношения

family n

семейство

fattening n

нагуливание

fauna n

фауна

fear n

опасение, страх, боязнь

feather n

перо

feeding n

питание

female n

самка

ferret n Африканский хорёк

fighting n

борьба

finch n

вьюрок, мелкая птица

first-fall plumage n

осеннее оперение

first-spring plumage n

оперение сеголетков

first-winter plumage n

зимнее оперение

fir-tree n ель (пихта)

fish n рыба

flamingo, flame bird n фламинго

flashing patch n зеркало (на крыле)

flattened p.p. сглаженный

fledged p.p. оперённый

flight n полёт

flit v перелетать

flock n стая

flood n наводнение

flow n течение, поток; прилив

fluffy n птенец в пуху

flutter n порхание

food n пища

footmark n след

forehead n лоб

forest n лес

forked p.p. вилочкой (хвост)

fossil n окаменелость

fox n лисица

fragile a хрупкий

friction n конфликт

fume n дым

gadwall n

серая утка

garganey n

чирок-трескунок

gather, pick up v

собирать (ягоды, грибы и т.д.)

genotype n

генотип

genus n

род

geographic range n

ареал

germination n

зарождение

giraffe n жираф

gland n

железа

goat n коза

goldfinch n щегол

goose n гусь

gorilla n горилла

goshawk n

ястеб-тетеревятник

grazing n

задевание, пастьба

great bustard n

дрофа

great gray owl n

бородатая неясыть

great spotted woodpecker n

большой пёстрый дятел

great tit n

большая синица

greenery n

зелень

greenhouse effect n

парниковый эффект

greylag goose n

серый гусь

grizzly bear n

медведь-гризли

ground squirrel n

суслик

grouse n

куропатка шотландская, тетерев

growth n

рост

gunshot n

выстрел

habitat n

место обитания

hagfish n

миксина

hardwood coniferous n

тёмнохвойный лес

hare n заяц

harrowing n

процарапывание

hatch v

высиживать

hawk n

сокол, ястреб

hawthorn n боярышник

hazel hen, hazel grouse n

рябчик

heath-cock n тетерев-косач

helpless a

беспомощный

hidden p.p.

скрытый

hierarchy n

иерархия

high breeding plumage n

брачное оперение

highland n

высокогорье

hippopotamus n бегемот

hit v

поражать

hollow n

дупло

honk n

крик гусей

hooded crow n

черная ворона

hoopoe n удод

house sparrow n

воробей домовой

hunt animals v

охотиться на животных

hunter n

охотник

husbandry n

земледелие

ibex n

горный альпийский козёл

identify v

определить, идентифицировать

immature a

незрелый, неразвитый

impact n

воздействие

impressive a

внушительный

inaccessibility n

недоступность

incubation n

высиживание

inevitable a

неизбежный

inferior a

низший (вид)

infinite a

безграничный, неиссякаемый

inhabited locality n

населённый пункт

innate a

врождённый

inquisitive a

любознательная (птица)

insect n

насекомое

insectivorous a

насекомоядный

intrinsic a

свойственный, присущий

intruder n

вторженец

irruption n

нашествие

irruptive a

вторгающийся (вид)

jacana n

якана

jay n

сойка

jelly-fish n

медуза

juicy fruit n

сочный плод

juvenile a

молодой (зверь)

kangaroo n

настоящий (гигантский) кенгуру

kite n коршун

lapwing n

чибис

larch n лиственница

lark n жаворонок

lemming n лемминг

leopard n леопард

lilac n сирень

lime n липа

lion n лев

litter n

выводок

litter the place v засорять территорию

lizard n

ящерица

lower mandible n

подклювье

lynx n рысь

macaque n макак

magpie n сорока

make a fire v разводить костёр

make impact on v влиять, оказывать влияние

male n

самец

mallard n

кряква

mammal n

млекопитающее

mandrill n

мандрил (род макак)

mantle n

зашеек

manure n

навоз, органическое удобрение

maple n клён

marmot n сурок, байбак

marsh n болото

marsh deer n болотный олень

marsh snipe n

дупель

marsh-harrier n

лунь болотный

marten n куница

mating n

спаривание

mating song n

брачная песня

mature a

зрелый, развитый

meadow n

луг

meadow vole n луговая полёвка

migrate v

мигрировать

minerals n минеральные вещества

mink n норка

mixed a смешанный (лес)

mobbing n совместное нападение

moderate a умеренный

mole n крот

mollusk n моллюск

mongoose n мангуст

monkey, ape n обезьяна

moorhen n куропатка шотландская

moose n американский лось

mortality n смертность

moss n мох

motionless a неподвижный

mottled spot n пестрина

mountain chickadee n

синица горная

mountain goat n

горный козёл

mountain hare n

заяц-беляк

mountain sheep n

снежный баран, толсторог, чубук

mouse n

мышь

mud flat n

грязевой участок

mushrooms n

грибы

musk deer n

кабарга

muskrat, water rat n ондатра, водяная крыса

nape n затылок

nature n природа

nature destruction n разрушение природы

nature protection n охрана природы

neck n шея

nest n гнездо

nestling n птенец

nightingale n

соловей западный

nocturnal n

ночная (птица)

numerous a

многочисленный

nut n

орех

nutcracker n

кедровка

oak n дуб

obscure a

неясный, туманный

obvious a

очевидный

occurrence n

местонахождение

octopus n

осьминог

offspring n

потомство

olfactory a

обонятельный

omnivorous a

всеядный

onager n

онагр, дикий осёл

open water-body n

открытый водоём

order n

отряд

ornithology n

орнитология

oryx, Arabian oryx n

сернобык, арабский орикс

osprey n

скопа

ostrich n страус

otter n выдра

outermost a наиболее удалённый

owl n сова

oxpecker n

волоклюй

ozone depletion n

уменьшение озонового слоя

ozone layer n

озоновый слой

panther n пантера

parrot n попугай

partition n

разделение

partridge

серая куропатка

peacock n <

⇐ Предыдущая 1 2 345 Следующая ⇒