Reciprocal/ Double assimilation– see Assimilation.

Reduction – is the weakening of a sound in an unstressed position.

Retroflex articulation – pronounced with the blade of the tongue bent backwards (ретрофлексная артикуляция).

Rhythm: “rhythm is a flow, movement, procedure, etc., characterized by basically regular recurrence of elements or features, as beat, or accent, in alternation with opposite or different elements or features” (Webster’s New World Dictionary). Rhythm in speech is the periodic recurrence of stressed syllables. Rhythm exists both in prose and in verse. It can be regarded as one of the forms in which a language exists.

Rhythmic group – a word or a group of words that is said with a certain rhythm.

Rhythmic tendency – the tendency to alternate stressed and unstressed syllables.

Rounded vowel – a vowel, which is pronounced with the lips rounded. In English only the back vowels are rounded; and the close, back vowel sounds are rounded more than the open, back vowels.

SBS – Southern English Standard.

Scale – the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables of a syntactic whole. See also Head. Segment: in phonetics it is the shortest part of speech continuum – a sound or a phoneme. Segmental phoneme – the shortest part of speech continuum that is capable of differentiating words. Semantic function: in phonetics the term is used in connection with the distinctive function (semantic role) of phonetic means.

Sense-group – a shortest possible semantic and grammatical unit in a sentence; a word or a group of words that conveys some idea.

Sentence stress, or accent – a constituent part of the phonetic structure of the spoken sentence or utterance and one of the components of intonation in the broad sense of the term. It is the greater prominence of one or more words among other words in the same sentence. Sentence stress is the greater degree of prominence given to certain words in a sentence. These words are usually nouns, adjectives, notional verbs and adverbs, interjections, numerals, demonstrative, possessive, emphasizing pronouns, interrogative words and two-syllable prepositions. Articles, particles, auxiliary, modal, and connective verbs, personal, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, one-syllable prepositions, conjunctions and conjunctive words – are, as a rule, unstressed. The distribution of sentence stress is determined by the semantic factor.

Sliding (Head): if the voice moves down by slides within stressed syllables. Unstressed or partially stressed syllables between the slides usually continue the fall. If these slides are of a rather wide range and reach the bottom of the pitch, we have an intonation pattern with several high falls within it. скользящая (шкала).

Speech melody – the variations in the pitch of the voice in connected speech.

Speech timbre – is a special colouring of voice, which shows speakers emotions.

Stepping (Head) is a gradually descending scale.

Stop – contact of the articulation, organs, i. e. the beginning of a plosive sound which is followed by a plosion.

Stress or accent – a greater degree of prominence which is caused mainly by pronouncing the stressed syllable (a) on a different pitch level or with a change of pitch direction in it; (b) with greater force of exhalation and greater muscular tension. The greater force of articulation is accompanied by an increase in the length of the sound in the stressed syllable, especially vowels. Vowels in the stressed syllables are not reduced.

Stress position – that position which contains a stressed word. A stressed word in English is generally pronounced with greater intensity (loudness); and greater duration (length of time) on its most prominent syllable.

Styles of pronunciation – L. V. Shcherba suggested two types of style in pronunciation: full style and colloquial style. According to D. Jones, there are the following varieties of style: rapid familiar style, slower colloquial style, slow conversational style, natural style, acquired style, formal style. Styles of pronunciation are determined by the stylistic-distinctive function of intonation.

Subsidiary allophones – variants of phonemes that appear under the influence of neighbouring speech sounds (variants of some other phonemes) with which they are in complementary distribution. They are subdivided into combinatory and positional ones.

Syllable – the shortest segment of speech continuum, a speech sound or group of sounds containing one vowel. Syllables are material carriers of words. They constitute words and their forms, phrases and sentences. According to J. Kenyon the syllable is one or more speech sounds, forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance, which may be a word, or a commonly recognized and separable subdivision of a word. It is a unity of segmental and suprasegmental qualities.

Syllabic consonants – sounds which are rather longer than usual and have syllable making function like vowels, examples: '-l' and '-n'.

Syllable division – division of the word into “arcs of articulatory effort” (N. I. Zhinkin’s theory). A strong-end consonant begins the arc of loudness and a weak-end consonant terminates it.

Syllable pattern – the type of syllable most common for language. English is characterized by (C)VC syllable pattern and Russian by CV pattern.

Tail – unstressed or partially stressed syllable (or syllables) that follow the nucleus of the intonation group.

Tempo – is the relative speed with which sentences and intonation groups are pronounced in connected speech.

Tempo of speech – the rate of utterance.

Temporal component of intonation: it consists of pauses, duration, and rhythm.

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