Palatalizationis the articulation process which involves the raising of the front of the tongue towards the palate.

Palate is a hard bony structure at the top of the roof of the mouth, just behind the alveolar ridge.

Parenthesis – is a word, a phrase or a sentence, which serves to show the speaker's attitude to the thought expressed in the sentence, to connect the given sentence with another one or to add some detail to the main idea.

Partial devoicing. The English sonorants [m, n, l, r, w, j] are partially devoiced after voiceless consonants (usually within a word): e. g. try, clean, sleep, prey, price, swim, floor, small.

Pause – a short period of time when sound stops before starting again. Pauses are non-obligatory between sense-groups and obligatory between sentences.

Peaks of prominence – the points of maximal acoustic activity of tone.

Peculiarity – a feature which characterizes some phonetic phenomenon.

Periodicity – the quality or fact of recurring at constant intervals.

Phoneme – the shortest functional unit of a language. Each phoneme exists in speech in the form of mutually non-distinctive speech sounds, its allophones. Each speech sound is an allophone of some phoneme.

Phonemic alphabet – an alphabet, which contains one and only one symbol for one phoneme. Phonemic component: this component of the phonetic structure manifests itself in the system of separate phonemes and their allophones.

Phonetic system – a systemic combination of five components of the language, i. e. the system of segmental phonemes, the phonemic component, the syllabic component, the accentual component (relating to accent – stress and pitch combined), intonation.

Phonetics – the science that studies the sound matter of the language, its semantic functions and the lines of development. Phonological mistakes – mistakes connected with the alteration of the meaning of words, which prevent communication.

Phonological opposition – a pair of words in which any one phoneme is usually opposed to any other phoneme in at least one lexical or grammatical minimal or subminimal pair, e. g. [t – d], [k – g] in ten – den, coat – goat.

Phonology – the science that deals with phonemes and their sequences. It is functional phonetics since it investigates the functional side of phonemes, accent, syllable, and intonation.

Pitch – the degree of highness or lowness varying with the number of the vibrations of the vocal cords and determining the tone of the voice, an acoustic basis of speech melody.

Pitch component of intonation, or melody, is the changes in the pitch of the voice in connected speech.

Plosion – release of articulation organs with an explosive sound. It is true whenever the plosive sound /k, g, p, b, t, d/ occur in speech.

Plosive – a sound in which air-stream is entirely blocked for a short time, p, b, t, d, k, g.

Post-alveolar – a sound pronounced with the tip with the blade of the tongue curved behind the alveoli (заальвеолярний).

Principal allophone – that variant of a phoneme which is considered to be free from the influence of the neighbouring sounds. Proclitic – a monosyllabic word or particle with no accent of his own, which is pronounced with the following pre-tonic (having secondary stress) or accented syllable as one phonetic unit.

Prominence – singling out acoustically, which produces the effect of greater loudness. See Stress. Prosodic features of the sentence: speech melody (pitch), accent, tempo, rhythm and pausation, timbre (tamber); they constitute intonation in a broad sense.

Prosody – non-segmental phenomena regarded as the modifications of fundamental frequency (the frequency of the vibrations of the vocal cords over their whole length), intensity and duration at the level of their acoustic properties. The notion of prosody is broader than the notion of intonation, whereas prosody of the utterance and intonation are equivalent notions. Prosody and intonation are characterized by such distinct qualities as stress and pitch prominence at the level of perception.

Puff- short, quick expel of air.

Quantitative reduction – when the length of the vowel is reduced without changing its quality. Qualitative reduction – when the quality of the vowel is changed.

Received Pronunciation (RP) – the type of pronunciation which is the most widely understood one in England and in English- speaking countries. It is the teaching norm in England and in most countries where English is taught as a foreign language, including Russia. It is often referred to as SBS (Southern British Standard).

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