Close vowel –a vowel, which is pronounced with some part of the tongue in a very high position in the mouth (another word for close vowel is High).

GLOSSARY OF PHONETIC TERMS

Accommodation (or adaptation) – is the modification in the articulation of a vowel under the influence of an adjacent sound, or, vice versa, the modification in the articulation of a consonant under the influence of an adjacent vowel.

Affricate – a consonant, which is made up of two or more basic sounds – a stop followed by a fricative. The words chin and gin begin with affricates.

Adjacent [ə 'd3eisə nt] – next to another sound (суміжний, сусідній).

Adjoining – next to and connected to another sound (що примикає, сусідній).

Allophones – variants or members of one and the same phoneme, which never occur in identical positions, but are said to be in complementary distribution, they are actual speech sounds.

Alveolar – tip or blade of tongue against the gum just behind the upper teeth.

Alveolar consonants – [t], [d], [l], [n], [s], [z].

Apical – pronounced with the tip of the tongue (апікальний).

Aspects of a phoneme: a phoneme is a dialectical unity of three aspects: 1) material, real and objective; 2) abstract and generalized; 3) functional.

Aspiration is the phonetic phenomenon in which such consonants as [p], [t], [k] are followed by a short voiceless puff of breath. To practice aspiration try to pronounce sound [h] after initial [p], [t], [k].

Assimilation – the result of coarticulation, when one sound is made similar to its neighbour; in English it mainly affects the place of articulation. It can be progressive, regressive or reciprocal. Most commonly the sounds which undergo assimilation are immediately adjacent in the stream of speech.

Assimilating phoneme – is the phoneme that influences the articulation of a neighbouring phoneme.

Аssimilated phoneme – is the phoneme, which is under the influence of a neighbouring phoneme.

Assimilation, complete – when the articulation of the assimilated phoneme fully coincides with the assimilating one: e. g. horse-shoe [‘ho: ∫ ∫ u: ]; does she [ dΛ ∫ ∫ i].

Assimilation, partial – if the assimilated phoneme still has some of its main phonemic features: e. g. twins, place, cry, on the.

Assimilation, intermediate – when the assimilated consonant phoneme changes into a different phoneme which does not coincide with the assimilating one: e. g. goose + berry = gooseberry; news + paper = newspaper.

Assimilation, progressive – when the assimilated phoneme is influenced by the preceding phoneme: e. g. crime, speak.

Assimilation, regressive – if the assimilated phoneme is influenced by the consonant following it: e. g. Is this the way?

Assimilation, reciprocal, or double – when the phonemes influence each other: e. g. a quiet twilight. Attitudinal function: this function is performed by intonation, when the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is saying, by intonation alone.

Back vowel – a vowel, which is pronounced with the back part of the tongue higher than the rest of the tongue.

Bilabial consonants are pronounced with lips pressed together.

Boundary – an imaginary point separating two different qualities.

Checked vowels – are those vowels, which are pronounced without any lessening of the force of utterance towards their end.

Clear L – used before vowels and /j/.

Close vowel –a vowel, which is pronounced with some part of the tongue in a very high position in the mouth (another word for " close vowel" is High).

Closed syllable – a syllable that ends in a consonant sound.

Closure – a complete, partial or intermittent blockage of the air-passage by an organ or organs (змикання).

Cluster – sounds that are close to each other, joining sounds (сполучення). Communicative centre – a word or a group of words which conveys the most important point of communication in the sense-group or sentence. Communicative types of sentences are differentiated in speech according to the aim of utterance from the point of view of communication. Constitutive function of speech sounds – the function to constitute the material forms of morphemes, words and sentences. Consonant cluster – combination of consonant sounds with no intervening vowel. Continuant – a consonant sound, which can be pronounced continuously. Constrictive – pronounced with an incomplete obstruction, or narrowing (щелевой). Dark L – used before consonants, before /w/ and before a pause. Dental a rticulation is the using the tongue against teeth. Devoicing – after voiceless plosives voiced consonants become devoiced. Descending scale – gradual lowering of the voice pitch. Diphthong – a combination of two vowel sounds pronounced in one syllable. Diphthongization – changing of a simple vowel into a diphthong. A slight shifting of the position of the organs of speech within the articulation of one and the same vowel. Diphthongization changes the quality of the sound during its articulation. Direct address – is a word or a group of words used to address a person or a group of people. Distinctive function of speech sounds: it is manifested most conspicuously in minimal pairs when the opposition of speech sounds is the only phonetic means of distinguishing one member of that pair from the other. Dorsal = Dental – relating to teeth, a sound pronounced on teeth. Elision – the loss of a vowel or a consonant in initial or terminal position in rapid colloquial speech (e. g. Christmas, listen, know, gnat, etc. ). Emphasis – See Prominence. Enclitic – an unstressed word or syllable, which refers to the preceding stressed word or syllable. Together with the stressed word enclitics form one phonetic unit. English rhythm has been described as 'stress-timed', meaning that stressed syllables tend to occur at roughly equal intervals and that unstressed syllables fit the time interval between stresses. 'Stress-timed' languages are contrasted with 'syllable-timed' ones (French is the most frequently cited) in which all syllables are said to occupy roughly equal lengths of time. Fall – lowering of the voice pitch within a stressed syllable. Fortis– strong. Free vowels – are those, which are pronounced with lessening the force of utterance towards their end. Fricative – (consonant) produced by expelling breath through a small passage formed by tongue or lips so that the air in escaping makes a kind of hissing sound. Front vowel – a vowel, which is pronounced with the rip the tongue higher than the rest of the tongue. Functional – phonological, connected with the distinctive function. Functional phonetics – the branch of phonetics which studies the purely linguistic aspect of speech sounds. Functions of a phoneme: in speech a phoneme performs three functions: distinctive, constitutive and identificatory (recognitive); they are inseparable. General American (GA) – the most widespread type of educated American speech. Glide – a sound produced in passing from one position of the organs of speech to another. Glottis – openings between the vocal cords. Glottal stop – blocking the passage of air. A sound which reminds a slight cough and articulated by the vocal cords, before a vowel sound is heard in cases of emphatic speech. Head – stressed syllables preceding the nucleus together with the intervening unstressed syllables. See also Scale. Homographs are words which have the same spelling but with different pronunciations. Homophones – are words with different spellings and different meanings but the same pronunciation. 'Knows' and 'nose' are homophones, for example, so are 'reed' and 'read' (infinitive), 'key' and 'quay', 'I', 'eye' and 'aye' and so on. Horizontal position – a description in the production of vowels of the position of the higher part of the tongue as begin it from mid or back part of the mouth. Inter-vocalic – a consonant between vowels. Intonation is a complex unity of variations in pitch, stress, tempo, timbre and rhythm. Intonation is also viewed as a component of the phonetic structure which is viewed in the narrow meaning as pitch variations, or speech melody. It manifests itself in the delimitative function within a sentence and at its end. Intonation group – an actualized sense-group. It is the shortest possible unit of speech from the point of view of meaning, grammatical structure and intonation. Juncture, junction – the place where two sounds or words are joined together. Labialization – lip rounding. Consonant phonemes are labialized before the sonorant [w] of the same word, e. g. swim, queen, dwell, twins. Labio-dental – consonants pronounced with lower lip linked with upper teeth. Lateral plosion takes place at the junction of a stop (usually [t] and [d]) and the lateral sonorant [l]. This assimilation occurs within a word and at the word boundaries: e. g. little; that lesson; middle, needle. Lax vowel – a vowel, which is pronounced with the muscles of the throat and tongue lax. Lenis – pronounced with weak articulation.

Level tone – the tone neutral in its communicative function, which is used mostly in poetry. Linguistic functions: in phonetics they are connected with phonemic, significant properties of sound, syllable, stress and intonation. Low pitch – a low tone. It is usually used in the narrow range of tone-pitch. Loss of aspiration. The aspirated English stop phonemes [ p, t, k] lose their aspiration after [s ] and before a stressed vowel: e. g. speak, skate, style, sky, style, stake. Loss of plosion. At the junction of two stops [p, b, t, d, k, g] or a stop and an affricate [C], [G] the first consonant loses its plosion (both within the same word and at the junction of words): e. g. glad to see you; sit down; midday, black chair; picture, what kind. Low vowel – see Open vowel. Melody – changes in the voice pitch in the process of speech. Mid-open vowel – a vowel, which is pronounced with the tongue in a mid, neither high, nor low position. Minimal pair – two words, which are pronounced the same, except for a single sound -phoneme. Minimal sentences – two or three sentences, which are pronounced the same except for a single sound-phoneme. Not only must the sounds of the sentences be the same, but the stress, intonation, etc. must also be the same for the sentences to be minimal. Mixed vowel – the vowel at the production of which the front (or central) part and back part of tongue are raised simultaneously. Modifications in context – sound changes in context. Positional and combinatory modifications of allophones of certain phonemes in connected speech. Monophthong – is a pure (unchanging) vowel sound. Monotone – a tone lacking the necessary variations in the voice pitch; a way of speaking in which the voice neither rises nor falls, but continues on the same note.

Narrow range: if the range of the voice pitch is represented by two horizontal parallel lines 10 mm wide, then the head syllable of the wide range utterance will be arbitrarily represented by a dash 2 mm from the top range line. The head syllable of the narrow range will be represented by a dash 2 mm from the bottom range line. The head syllable of medium range will be represented by a dash 6 mm from the bottom range line.

Nasal – a sound in the production of which the air is allowed to go through the nasal cavity.

Nasal plosion – nasal escape of the air when a plosive consonant sound is followed by a nasal sound. Nasal plosion takes place at the junction of a stop consonant phoneme and the nasal sonorants [m, n]: e. g. garden, help me, bitten, get more.

Nucleus – the beginning of a diphthong; the starting-point.

Nuclear tone: the tone associated with the nucleus of a sense-group is a nuclear tone. In RP they are the following: the high falling, the low falling, the high rising, the low rising, the rising-falling, the falling-rising, the rising-falling-rising, the level tone.

Nucleus of a sense-group – the last stressed syllable of a sense-group.

Obstruction – blocking the air passage

Open syllable – the type of syllable which ends in a vowel – CV-type.

Open vowel – a vowel, in the production of which, the tongue is in its lowest position.

Oral – a sound in the production of which the air is forced to go only through the mouth.

Oratorical style – the type of speech with which orators address large audiences. It is characterized by slow rate, eloquent and moving traits.

Orthoepy – the correct pronunciation of the words of a language. The interpretation of the rules of reading cannot be done without a good command of phonetics.

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