THE GARUDA PURANA 73 страница

Indrajala — magic, illusion, said of creation which is mere appearance, not a reality.

Istapurta — performing sacrifices, and digging wells and doing other acts of charity.

Jnatidharma — norms current among the castes.

Kalaratri — the night sacred to Siva. It falls on the fourteenth day of the dark half of Magha on which a rigorous fast is observed in honour of Siva.

Kalpa-Vrksa — a wish-fulfilling tree in the pleasure-garden of Indra.

Kamadhenu — a cow that grants all desires.

Karmavipaka — ripening of actions.

Karttikeya = Skanda = Kumara = Subrahmanya. He is called by various other names. Most of these names are derivative:

He was born from the semen of Siva which fell into Agni (-y/skand to fall), so he got the name Skanda. Since he was breast-fed by the six divine Krttikas he was called Karttikeya.

Kaustubha — a brilliant precious stone which floated up at the time of churning the sea of milk. This jewel which originated from the sea was worn on the breast by Visnu.

Kavaca — a mystical formula or a mystical syllable considered as a preservative like armour.

Ksetrapala— a tutelary deity consecrated on the South East corner of a temple for protecting villages and cities.

This is a large image with three eyes, two or four or eight hands.

Kula-parvatas (Seven)— Mahendra, Malava, Sahya, Suktiman, Rksa, Vindhya, Pariyatra.

Madhyantastha — all-pervading.

Mahadvipas ( Seven) — -Jambu, Plaksa, Salmala, Kusa, Kraunca, Saka and Puskara.

Mahanadi — these are two such rivers: one rising near Kantara passes through Orissa and falls into the Bay of Bengal, the other a tributary of Sona is placed in the Deccan.

Mahapatakas — five heinous crimes: slaughter of a Brahmin, drinking liquor, committing theft, indulging in incest with the preceptor’s wife, associating with the above sinners.

Mahayajnas — five great sacrifices, viz., Brahma, manusya, Deva, Bhuta, Pitr.

Mandala ( mystic diagram) — prepared in a consecrated temple on the ground.

Matrganas — divine mothers, said to attend on Siva but usually on Skanda. They are normally said to be eight:

Brahmi, Mahesvari, Candl, Varahi, Vaisnavi, Kaumari, Camunda, Carcika, or according to some, only seven: Brahmi,

Mahesvari, Varahi, Vaisnavi, Kaumari, Mahendrl, and Camunda. According to some, they are sixteen: Gauri, Padma, Saci, Medha, Savitri, Vijaya, Jaya, Devasena, Svadha, Svaha, Rddhi, Pusti, Dhrti, Tusti, Kuladevata, AtmadevataMaurkhya mudra — mark of stupidity.

Maya — nescience or ignorance, identical with ajnana or avidya which creates illusion by virtue of which one considers the unreal universe to be really existent and distinct from the supreme spirit.

Maya — Prakrti — Avidya ( In Ved. ) Illusion by virtue of which one considers the unreal universe to be really existent and as distinct from the supreme spirit. (In Sankhya) the material substance that constitutes the universe. (In Upanisads) ignorance that regards the unreal to be real.

Mudgala-Mughal — The context indicates that the conversion of Hindus to Islam had begun by the time this portion of the Purana was written.

Mudras — gestures of hands. They are anjali, VandinI, Urddhva, Varahi, etc.

Naisthika — a student who after studying the Vedas remains a Brahmacarin.

Nandi — the bull of Siva which he rides, the name of the chief of Siva’s ganas who guards the door.

Narayana — Lord Visnu whose abode is in the water or who is the resort of naras — good qualities.

Naravana-bali, offering made to Lord Visnu. A particular rite, lasting for several hours, to propitiate Visnu in favour of the deceased, if an earthen lamp is not gifted at the time of death.

Nava-dvipa — nine islands — Bharata, Indradvlpa, Kaseruman, Tamravarna, Gabhastiman, Nagadvipa, Kataha, Sirhhala, Varuna.

Nava-vyuha — worship of Visnu in nine forms, viz., Vasudeva, Balarama, Kama, Aniruddha, Nara, Yama, Brahma, Visnu, Nrsirhha and Varaha.

Nidhi — a treasure conducive to the flourishing of qualities, sattva, rajas and tamas. It is eight-fold, viz. Padma, Mahapadma, Makara, Kacchapa, Mukunda, Nanda, Nila, and Saiikha.

Niseka — discharge of semen at the time of intercourse.

Niskamabuddhi — a person whose mind is free from any wish or desire.

Nityananda — eternal bliss, one of the three natures of Brahman, the other two being eternal existence and supreme consciousness.

Niyoga — a practice which permitted a childless widow to have intercourse with the brother or any near kinsman of her deceased husband to raise up issue to him, the son so born being called ksetraja.

Pada-sodhana — washing the feet of the guest. This is the first of the acts a host has to perform when he receives the guest.

Pancagavya — the five products of the cow taken collectively, i. e.

milk, curds, clarified butter or ghee, urine and cowdung.

Pancaka — five naksatras if a person dies in any one of these, it is considered to be very inauspicious. A rite is performed to avert the evil effect.

Pancapravahana — five boats (to cross the ocean of existence)

viz., TulasI ( holy basil), Brahmanas, cows, Visnu and ekadasl the eleventh day in each of the two fortnights of a month.

Parivedana — the marriage of a younger brother before the elder.

Parvana — the rite of offering oblations to the manes at aParvan.

Pasinairrta — western and south-western direction.

Pattavardhanarama— a sacred stone the gift of which brings fortune to the donor.

Pavitra — a ring of Kusa grass worne on the fourth finger on the occasion of sraddha to the manes. It is also tied around a vessel on such occasions.

Pinda — rice-ball offered to the manes.

Pinyaka — oil cake.

Pranayama, restraining or suspending the breath during the mental recitation of the names or attributes of a deity.

Prayascitta — a religious act to atone for sins.

Purnahuti — the final ghee-offering poured in the sacrificial fire indicates a successful completion of a sacrifice.

Puryastaka — the soul of which the eight petals are: sound, touch, taste, colour, smell and the three gunas — sattva, rajas and tamas.

Rasi — a sign of Zodiac.

Sadangas — six organs of the body — 2 thighs, 2 arms, head and heart.

Samskaras — purificatory or ceremonial acts performed by the person concerned or by his relatives in his favour. They have a wide range beginning with conception and ending with death.

Samudra — a legendary sage, the originator of Samudra-Sastra (Physiognomy), auspicious and inauspicious marks of a person.

SamyaminI — Yama’s capital on the mountain Mahameru, on the southern side of Manovati, the capital city of Brahma in the centre surrounded by eight cities in the eight quarters.

Sankara — mixed castes. The union of bride and bridegroom belonging to different castes gives birth to children who can be categorised and designated differently. The children so born are mentioned in the Puranas as (1) Ambastha, (2) Nisada, (3) Mahisya, (4) Mleccha, (5) Karana, (6) Suta, ( 7) Vaidehaka, (8) Candala, ( 9) Magadha, (10) Ksatr, (11) Ayogava, (12) Rathakara.

Sapindikarana — a rite, usually performed at the end of one full year after the death of a person, now usually performed on the 12th day after death as part of the funeral obsequies. This rite connects the deceased to the manes.

Sapta-dhanya — seven varieties of grain.

Sapta-sindhus — seven oceans: those of salt, sugarcane juice, wine, ghee, curd, milk and water.

Satkausika — Six constituents of the body, viz, marrow, bones, semen, flesh, hair and blood.

Siddha-yoga-s — auspicious conjunctions of stars conducive to the fulfilment of tasks undertaken by the sadhaka.

Skandha-vaha — persons who carry the corpse to the cemetery.

Smrti — tradition as recorded in the Dharmasastras.

Snanam — Obligatory (Nitya) bath is taken thrice a day in the morning, at noon and at sunset at the beginning of Sandiiya prayers. Naimittika bath is taken to wipe off impurity accruing from certain causes.

Sonanada — It rises near the source of the Narmada river and flows into the Ganges above Patna. It was called Hiranyabahu or Hiranva-vaha. equivalent to the Greek Erannaboas.

Sraddha — The offering given to Pitrs. According to the Puranas the ceremony is very important. Here the word pitrs does not mean ‘the souls of the dead’. Pitrs belong to a special class.

Srivatsa — Once the sage Bhrgu kicked Visnu on the chest, for the latter had not shown respect due to a sage. Visnu carries Bhrgu’s footprint permanently on his chest as a mark of repentance and this footprint is known by the name Srivatsa.

Sruti — tradition as recorded in the Vedas.

Sthandila — a piece of ground levelled, squared and prepared for a sacrifice.

Sunya-linga — a phallic image of lord Siva at a solitary place.

Sutaka — impurity to relatives accruing from the birth of a child in the family or the death of a related person. The number of days varies according to the caste.

Suvarna-naga — a golden image of a serpent to be gifted to a Brahmin.

Svadhakara — the oblation of food offered to the manes by exclaiming the word svadha.

Svana-sabda — barking of a dog, In fact, the devotees of Siva imitate the voice of the goat and not that of the dog.

Because when Daksa whose head was cut off and replaced by a goat’s head spoke in the voice of a goat it pleased Siva who was insulted by him. Likewise, the devotee imitates the voice of a goat just to please lord Siva.

Tailodvartana — anointing the dead body with the oil.

Tarpana — water offerings made in propitiation of Manes, Deities, Brahminical sages, etc.

Trisavana-snana — plunging into the water for three times.

Tritattva = guna-tattva, the qualities of sattva, rajas and tamas represented by Visnu, Brahma and Rudra.

Uccatana — eradication.

Udakumbha — a water-jar, a rite of offering libations of water to the manes.

Upakurvana — a student who after studying the Vedas becomes a house-holder.

Utkranti-sraddha — a rite to be performed immediately after death.

Uttama-sloka— of excellent fame, an epithet of lord Visnu or of his incarnation SrI-krsna.

Vaikuntha — the transcendental realm of Visnu, so called because it is free from the limitations (kuntha) of sorrow, delusion and fear. It is free from the pale of Prakrti ( the matrix of the physical universe), time (an accessory of Prakrti) and Maya (the source of all phenomenality ).

Vaitarani — a river on the way to Yamaloka, ora cow the gift of which helps the departed soul to cross it.

Vasana (Karma-janya) — impressions unconsciously left on the mind of a person by his past good or bad actions which produce pleasure or pain.

Vastu — the site of a house. Vastu-yaga, a sacrifice performed on the occasion of laying the foundation of a house.

Visarjanlya mantras — a set of mantras to be recited at the end of a sacred performance when the deities invoked are to leave for the regions.

Visesa — a peculiar attribute, the eternal distinguishing nature of each of the nine dravyas.

Visa-yogas — poisonous conjunctions of stars which are inauspicious for the performance of any religious rite.

Vrata — a religious act of devotion or austerity. The Puranas prescribe several Vratasfor the accomplishment of different purposes. Their number cannot be fixed since new ones like the Satya Narayana are being added every day.

Vratya — a man of first three classes who has lost caste owing to the non-performance of principal samskaras or purificatory rites, especially investiture with the sacred thread.

Vrsa-dhvaja — an epithet of bull-bannered lord Siva.

Yoga-ksema — acquisition and preservation, alabdha-labho yogah syat ksemo labdkasya palanam — Mitakfard on T.

S. I. 100.

Yoga-pitha — the holy seat for performing religious activities.

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