dɪˈmɒrəlaɪzɪŋ 4 страница

Word	Part of speech	Pron	Definition	Example	Unit
stuff	n	stʌ f	used when talking about different activities, subjects, or ideas, when you do not say exactly what these are:	I enjoy reading, listening to music, watching TV -- that kind of stuff.
aggressive	adj	ə ˈ ɡ resɪ v	behaving in an angry threatening way, as if you want to fight or attack someone	Jim’s voice became aggressive.
homelessness	n	ˈ hə ʊ m lə snə s	without a home	Even the richest cities in the world have problems with homelessness.
be bothered with	v phr	bi ˈ bɒ ð ə d wɪ ð	if you are not bothered with something, it is not important to you	I'm not bothered with getting a job because I want to continue studying.
empower	v	ɪ mˈ paʊ ə	to give someone more control over their own life or situation	The Voting Rights Act was needed to empower minority groups.
distribute	v	dɪ ˈ strɪ bjuː t	to share things among a group of people, especially in a planned way	Clothes and blankets have been distributed among the refugees.
graffiti	n	ɡ ræ ˈ fiː ti, ɡ rə	rude, humorous, or political writing and pictures on the walls of buildings, trains etc	Some people don't like graffiti but I think it's a form of art.
petition	n	pə ˈ tɪ ʃ ə n, pɪ ˈ tɪ ʃ ə n	a written request signed by a lot of people, asking someone in authority to do something or change something	a petition against the new road
make someone back down	idm	meɪ k ˈ sʌ mwʌ n bæ k daʊ n	make someone admit that they are wrong or that they have lost an argument	You can't change my mind; I'm never going to back down.
have your say on	idm	v jə seɪ ɒ n	have an opportunity to speak and give your opinion	You've talked for 30 minutes, now can I have my say on the issue?
traffic congestion	n phr	ˈ træ fɪ k -ˈ dʒ estʃ ə n	very heavy traffic and traffic jams	There is a real problem with traffic congestion in the city centre.
well-briefed	adj	wel briː ft	given all the information you need	You will be well briefed before we ask you to start work.
credible candidate	n phr	ˈ kredə bə l ˈ kæ ndə də t	a candidate that deserves to be trusted/believed	Some people don't think he is a credible candidate because he has served time in prison.
utmost importance	n phr	ˈ ʌ tmə ʊ st ɪ mˈ pɔ ː tə ns	the greatest possible importance	It is of the utmost importance that I speak to a doctor immediately.
debatable	adj	dɪ ˈ beɪ tə bə l	things that are debatable are not certain because people have different opinions about them	a debatable point
(idea) take off	phr v	(aɪ ˈ dɪ ə ) teɪ k ɒ f	to suddenly start being successful	The idea really took off when people saw how much money they could save.
far afield	adj phr	fɑ ː ə ˈ fiː ld	far away, especially from home	She has fans from as far afield as Chile and Japan.
Word	Part of speech	Pron	Definition	Example	Unit
catch on	phr v	kæ tʃ ɒ n	to become popular and fashionable	The idea of glasses being a fashion item has been slow to catch on.
onlooker	n	ˈ ɒ nˌ lʊ kə	someone who watches something happening without being involved in it	A crowd of onlookers had gathered at the scene of the accident.
recipient	n	rɪ ˈ sɪ piə nt	someone who receives something	the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
derivative	n	dɪ ˈ rɪ və tɪ v	something that has developed or been produced from something else	Heroin is a derivative of morphine.
source	n	sɔ ː s	a thing, place, activity etc that you get something from	They get their money from various sources.
equate	v	ɪ ˈ kweɪ t	to consider that two things are similar or connected	Most people equate wealth with success.
equivalent	n	ɪ ˈ kwɪ və lə nt	something that has the same value, purpose, job etc as something else	The word has no equivalent in English.
hog	v	hɒ ɡ	to keep, use, or have all of something that should be shared	How much longer are you going to hog the bathroom?
impact	n	ˈ ɪ mpæ kt	the effect or influence that an event, situation etc has on someone or something	We need to assess the impact on climate change.
alleviate	v	ə ˈ liː vieɪ t	to make something less painful or difficult to deal with	a new medicine to alleviate the symptoms of flu
dual	adj	ˈ djuː ə l	having two of something or two parts	The bridge has a dual role, carrying both road and rail.
offspring	n	ˈ ɒ fˌ sprɪ ŋ	someone’s child or children – often used humorously	a young mother trying to control her offspring
spirited	adj	ˈ spɪ rə tə d, ˈ spɪ rɪ tə d	having energy and determination – used to show approval	a spirited and energetic girl
surplus to requirements	adj phr	ˈ sɜ ː plə s tə rɪ ˈ kwaɪ ə mə nts	an amount of something that is more than what is needed	This paper is surplus to requirements so I'm going to recycle it.
dispose	v	dɪ ˈ spə ʊ z	to get rid of something, especially something that is difficult to get rid of	I dispose of all my glass at a recycling bank.
landfill	n	ˈ læ ndfɪ l	the practice of burying waste under the ground, or the waste buried in this way	There is no room left in my town for landfill.
instil	v	ɪ nˈ stɪ l	to teach someone to think, behave, or feel in a particular way over a period of time	A manager’s job is to instil determination into his players.
dispute	v	dɪ ˈ spjuː t	to say that something such as a fact or idea is not correct or true	The main facts of the book have never been disputed.
opportunistic	adj	ˌ ɒ pə tjuː ˈ nɪ stɪ k	someone who uses every opportunity to gain power, money, or unfair advantages – used to show disapproval	opportunistic thefts from cars
Word	Part of speech	Pron	Definition	Example	Unit
predator	n	ˈ predə tə	an animal that kills and eats other animals	The shark is the most powerful predator in the sea.
detrimental	adj	ˌ detrə ˈ mentl, ˌ detrɪ ˈ mentl	causing harm or damage	Smoking is detrimental to your health.
mammal	n	ˈ mæ mə l	a type of animal that drinks milk from its mother’s body when it is young. Humans, dogs, and whales are mammals.	Humans are mammals, just like chimpanzees and dogs.
contemplate	v	ˈ kɒ ntə mpleɪ t	to think about something that you might do in the future	He had even contemplated suicide.
neuter	v	ˈ njuː tə	to remove part of the sex organs of an animal so that it cannot produce babies	a neutered tomcat
dusk	n	dʌ sk	the time before it gets dark when the sky is becoming less bright	The street lights go on at dusk.
advocate	v	ˈ æ dvə keɪ t	to publicly support a particular way of doing something	Extremists were openly advocating violence.
finite	adj	ˈ faɪ naɪ t	having an end or a limit	the Earth’s finite resources
feline	adj	ˈ fiː laɪ n	relating to cats or other members of the cat family, such as lions	She moves with feline grace.
premium	adj	ˈ priː miə m	of very high quality	I only buy premium cheese, I don't like the taste of the cheap products.
sinner	n	ˈ sɪ nə	someone who has sinned by not obeying God’s laws	When I asked for a plastic bag she looked as me as though I were a sinner.
excess	adj	ˈ ekses	additional and not needed because there is already enough of something	Cut any excess fat from the meat.
spark off	phr v	spɑ ː k ɒ f	to be the cause of something, especially trouble or violence	The hot weather sparked off some dramatic thunderstorms.
thin on the ground	idm	θ ɪ n ɒ n ð ə ɡ raʊ nd	if a particular type of person or thing is thin on the ground, there are very few available	Supporters of the politician are thin on the ground -- no more than a handful.
emit	v	ɪ ˈ mɪ t	to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc	The kettle emitted a shrill whistle.
give rise to	v phr	ɡ ɪ v raɪ z tə	to be the reason why something happens, especially something bad or unpleasant	The flooding gave rise to a lot of damage in homes.
wipe out	phr v	waɪ p aʊ t	to destroy, remove, or get rid of something completely	Whole villages were wiped out by the floods.
spray	v	spreɪ	to force liquid out of a container so that it comes out in a stream of very small drops and covers an area	She sprayed herself with perfume.
build-up	n	bɪ ld ʌ p	an increase over a period of time	a heavy build-up of traffic on the motorway

Word	Part of speech	Pron	Definition	Example	Unit
ozone layer	n phr	ˈ ə ʊ zə ʊ n ˈ leɪ ə	a layer of gases in the sky that prevents harmful radiation from the sun from reaching the Earth	the hole in the ozone layer
famine	n	ˈ fæ mə n, ˈ fæ mɪ n	a situation in which a large number of people have little or no food for a long time and many people die	the great potato famine in Ireland
genetically-modified	v	dʒ ə ˈ netɪ kli ˌ mɒ dɪ faɪ d	genetically-modified foods and plants have had their GENETIC (=the materials that control the development of particular qualities) structure changed so that they are not affected by certain diseases or harmful insects	Consumers are turning their backs on genetically-modified ingredients, and demanding organic products.
imminent	adj	ˈ ɪ mə nə nt, ˈ ɪ mɪ nə nt	an event that is imminent, especially an unpleasant one, will happen very soon	He was in imminent danger of dying.
oblivious	adj	ə ˈ blɪ viə s	not knowing about or not noticing something that is happening around you	He seemed oblivious to the fact that he had hurt her.
implication	n	ˌ ɪ mplə ˈ keɪ ʃ ə n, ˌ ɪ mplɪ ˈ keɪ ʃ ə n	a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision etc	What are the implications of these proposals?
pollinate	v	ˈ pɒ lə neɪ t, ˈ pɒ lɪ neɪ t	to give a flower or plant pollen so that it can produce seeds	flowers pollinated by bees
crucial	adj	ˈ kruː ʃ ə l	something that is crucial is extremely important, because everything else depends on it	This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies.
inevitable	adj	ɪ ˈ nevə tə bə l, ɪ ˈ nevɪ tə bə l	certain to happen and impossible to avoid	A further escalation of the crisis now seems inevitable.
knock-on effect	n phr	ˌ nɒ k ˈ ɒ n ɪ ˈ fekt	o start a process in which everything that happens causes something else to happen	We have had no rain for six months and the knock-on effect is that many plants have died.
availability	n	ə ˌ veɪ lə ˈ bɪ lə ti, ə ˌ veɪ lə ˈ bɪ lɪ ti	something that is available is able to be used or can easily be bought or found	the availability of affordable housing
be right up there with	idm	bi raɪ t ʌ p ð eə wɪ ð	is amongst the best/most important	My wedding day is right up there as one of the happiest moments of my life.
scenario	n	sə ˈ nɑ ː riə ʊ, sɪ ˈ nɑ ː riə ʊ	a situation that could possibly happen	Imagine a scenario where only 20% of people have a job.
deteriorate	v	dɪ ˈ tɪ ə riə reɪ t	to become worse	Ethel’s health has deteriorated.
corresponding	adj	ˌ kɒ rə ˈ spɒ ndɪ ŋ, ˌ kɒ rɪ ˈ spɒ ndɪ ŋ	caused by or connected with something you have already mentioned	The war and the corresponding fall in trade have had a devastating effect on the country.

Word	Part of speech	Pron	Definition	Example	Unit
repetitive	adj	rɪ ˈ petə tɪ v, rɪ ˈ petɪ tɪ v	done many times in the same way, and boring	repetitive tasks like washing and ironing
diversity	n	daɪ ˈ vɜ ː sə ti, daɪ ˈ vɜ ː sɪ ti, də -	the fact of including many different types of people or things	The curriculum will take account of the ethnic diversity of the population.
be prone to	v phr	bi prə ʊ n tə	likely to do something or suffer from something, especially something bad or harmful	We live near a river and our house is prone to flooding.
immune system	n phr	ɪ ˈ mjuː n ˈ sɪ stə m	the system by which your body protects itself against disease	My immune system is not as strong as it ought to be.
thrive	v	θ raɪ v	to become very successful or very strong and healthy	plants that thrive in tropical rain forests
infect	v	ɪ nˈ fekt	to give someone a disease	People with the virus may feel perfectly well, but they can still infect others.
pesticide	n	ˈ pestə saɪ d, ˈ pestɪ saɪ d	a chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops	Pesticides are useful for farmers because they increase the size of the harvest.
wipe out	v	waɪ p aʊ t	to destroy, remove, or get rid of something completely	Whole villages were wiped out by the floods.
disoriented	adj	dɪ sˈ ɔ ː rientə d, dɪ sˈ ɔ ː rientɪ d	confused and not understanding what is happening around you	When he emerged into the street, he was completely disoriented.
habitat	n	ˈ hæ bə tæ t, ˈ hæ bɪ tæ t	the natural home of a plant or animal	watching monkeys in their natural habitat
further afield	adj	ˈ fɜ ː ð ə ə ˈ fiː ld	further away	If you want something unusual, you should look further afield rather than in just the local shops.
phenomenon	n	fɪ ˈ nɒ mə nə n, fɪ ˈ nɒ mɪ nə n	something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand	the growing phenomenon of telecommuting
pest	n	pest	a small animal or insect that destroys crops or food supplies	a chemical used in pest control
virtually	adv	ˈ vɜ ː tʃ uə li	almost	Virtually all the children come to school by bus.
bitterly	adv	ˈ bɪ tə li	in a way that produces or shows feelings of great sadness or anger	He complained bitterly about his exam grades.
unspoilt	adj	ˌ ʌ n ˈ spɔ ɪ ə lt	an unspoilt place is beautiful because it has not changed for a long time and does not have a lot of new buildings	This stretch of coastline is really natural and unspoilt.
dependent	adj	dɪ ˈ pendə nt	needing someone or something in order to exist, be successful, be healthy etc	Norway’s economy is heavily dependent on natural resources.

Word	Part of speech	Pron	Definition	Example	Unit
beneficial	adj	ˌ benə ˈ fɪ ʃ ə l, ˌ benɪ ˈ fɪ ʃ ə l	having a good effect	a drug that has a beneficial effect on the immune system
hacker	n	ˈ hæ kə	someone who secretly uses or changes the information in other people’s computer systems	A hacker had managed to get into the system.
breed	n	briː d	a type of animal that is kept as a pet or on a farm	Spaniels are my favourite breed of dog.
threat	n	θ ret	someone or something that is regarded as a possible danger	The team we're playing this weekend is a bit of a threat, but I'm sure we can beat them.
acknowledge	v	ə kˈ nɒ lɪ dʒ	to admit or accept that something is true or that a situation exists	The family acknowledge the need for change.
bound to be	adj	baʊ nd tə bi	to be very likely to do or feel a particular thing	You're bound to feel a bit lonely when your sister goes to university.
in perspective	adj phr	ɪ n pə ˈ spektɪ v	judge the importance of something correctly	You might not have got an A grade, but you need to get things into perspective -- you can still go to university.
privacy	n	ˈ prɪ və si, ˈ praɪ -	the state of being able to be alone, and not seen or heard by other people	With seven people squashed in one house, you don’t get much privacy.
scandalous	adj	ˈ skæ ndə lə s	completely unfair and wrong	a scandalous waste of public money
ferret through	phr v	ˈ ferə t θ ruː	to search for something that is lost or hidden among a lot of things or inside a drawer, box etc	I can't find the invitation; could you ferret through that pile of paper while I look upstairs?
discard	v	dɪ sˈ kɑ ː d	to get rid of something	Discard any old cleaning materials.
scary	adj	ˈ skeə ri	frightening	a scary moment
hush something up	phr v	hʌ ʃ ˈ sʌ mθ ɪ ŋ ʌ p	to prevent people from knowing about something dishonest or immoral	The whole affair was hushed up by the government.
unsettle	v	ʌ nˈ setl	to make someone feel slightly nervous, worried, or upset	The sudden changes unsettled Judy.
hardened	adj	ˈ hɑ ː dnd	a criminal, police officer etc who has had a lot of experience of things that are shocking and is therefore less affected by them	Dan is a hardened smoker -- I think he'll find it very difficult to give up now.
fall for	v phr	fɔ ː l fə	to be tricked into believing something that is not true	The criminal tricked me out of my money -- I can't believe I fell for it!
stalk	v	stɔ ː k	to follow a person or animal quietly in order to catch and attack or kill them	a tiger stalking its prey

Word	Part of speech	Pron	Definition	Example	Unit
hold hostage	v phr	hə ʊ ld ˈ hɒ stɪ dʒ	keep someone as a prisoner so that the other side will do what the enemy demands	The workers were kidnapped and held hostage in a secret location for 10 days.
unforgivable	adj	ˌ ʌ nfə ˈ ɡ ɪ və bə l	an unforgivable action is so bad or cruel that you cannot forgive the person who did it	I really find it unforgiveable that my best friend stole my boyfriend.
one step ahead	idm	wʌ n step ə ˈ hed	already doing what needs to be done	You've already made cakes for the party? You're always one step ahead!
outsmart	v	aʊ tˈ smɑ ː t	to gain an advantage over someone using tricks or your intelligence	The older kids outsmart the young ones when trading cards.
dire	adj	daɪ ə	extremely serious or terrible	warnings of dire consequences that often don’t come true
on your guard	adj phr	ɒ n jə ɡ ɑ ː d	to be paying attention to what is happening in order to avoid danger, being tricked etc	These men are dangerous so you’ll need to be on your guard.
mugger	n	ˈ mʌ ɡ ə	someone who attacks people in a public place and robs them	A mugger took my mum's phone from her when she was walking home last night.
fire off	phr v	faɪ ə ɒ f	send quickly and without much thought	I was so angry I fired off an email to my boss. The next day I regretted it.
sheer	adj	ʃ ɪ ə	used to emphasize that something is very heavy, large etc	The sheer size of the country makes communications difficult.
instantaneous	adj	ˌ ɪ nstə nˈ teɪ niə s	happening immediately	modern methods of instantaneous communication
scam	n	skæ m	a clever but dishonest way to get money	He got involved in a credit card scam.
sharp-witted	adj	ˌ ʃ ɑ ː pˈ wɪ tə d, ˌ ʃ ɑ ː pˈ wɪ tɪ d	able to think and react very quickly	I've never been sharp-witted, so busy cities with lots of people frighten me a bit.
body scan	n phr	ˈ bɒ di skæ n	a scan with a special machine that produces a picture of something outside your body, for security purposes	The last time I went through security at an airport, I had to have a body scan.
biometric	adj	ˌ baɪ ə ʊ ˈ metrɪ k	relating to technology that can be used to measure things such as people’s eyes or fingerprints. These measurements can be kept on computer and then used to check someone’s identity, for example when they show a passport at an airport	biometric data
CCTV camera	n phr	ˌ siː siː tiː ˈ viː ˈ kæ mə rə	security cameras that help police find criminals	I don't mind CCTVs cameras -- the only people who should worry about them are criminals.
Word	Part of speech	Pron	Definition	Example	Unit
fencing	n	ˈ fensɪ ŋ	fences or the pieces of wood, metal etc used to make them	The lord put fencing all around his land to keep trespassers out.
phone tap	n phr	fə ʊ n tæ p	an act of secretly listening to someone's telephone, using electronic equipment	Governments sometimes put a phone tap on people who they believe are criminals.
swipe card	n phr	swaɪ p kɑ ː d	a special plastic card that you slide through a machine in order to get into a building or open a door	This swipe card gives me access to my office.
intimidating	adj	ɪ ˈ tɪ mə deɪ tɪ ŋ, ɪ ˈ tɪ mɪ deɪ tɪ ŋ	making you feel worried and not confident	Some people find interview situations very intimidating.
pick up	phr v	pɪ k ʌ p	to learn something by watching or listening to other people	I find it very difficult to pick up languages, it takes me lots of practice.
constant	adj	ˈ kɒ nstə nt	happening regularly or all the time	There was a constant stream of visitors to the house.
state of flux	n phr	steɪ t ə v flʌ ks	a situation in which things are changing a lot and you cannot be sure what will happen	Nature is always in a state of flux -- some things growing, some things dying.
disuse	n	dɪ sˈ juː s	a situation in which something is no longer used	The building eventually fell into disuse.
productive	adj	prə ˈ dʌ ktɪ v	producing or achieving a lot	Most of us are more productive in the morning.
deserted	adj	dɪ ˈ zɜ ː tə d, dɪ ˈ zɜ ː tɪ d	empty and quiet because no people are there	The streets were deserted.
practically	adv	ˈ præ ktɪ kli	almost	I’ve read practically all of his books.
literate	adj	ˈ lɪ tə rə t, ˈ lɪ tə rɪ t	able to read and write	My great-grandmother was the first person in my family to be literate.
give the green light	idm	ɡ ɪ v ð ə ɡ riː n laɪ t	to allow a project, plan etc to begin	The council has given the green light for 20 new homes to be built on the edge of town.
virtually	adv	ˈ vɜ ː tʃ uə li	almost	Virtually all the children come to school by bus.
notably	adv	ˈ nə ʊ tə bli	used to say that a person or thing is a typical example or the most important example of something	Some early doctors, notably Hippocrates, thought that diet was important.
come across as	phr v	kʌ m ə ˈ krɒ s ə z	if someone comes across in a particular way, they seem to have particular qualities	Julian often comes across as bossy, but really he just wants to get the job done well.
pretentious	adj	prɪ ˈ tenʃ ə s	if someone or something is pretentious, they try to seem more important, intelligent, or high class than they really are in order to be impressive	a pretentious film
Word	Part of speech	Pron	Definition	Example	Unit
particularly	adv	pə ˈ tɪ kjə lə li, pə ˈ tɪ kjʊ lə li	more than usual or more than others	Steve was in a particularly bad mood when he got back.
clumsy	adj	ˈ klʌ mzi	moving or doing things in a careless way, especially so that you drop things, knock into things etc	A clumsy waiter spilled wine all over her new skirt.
wind someone up	phr v	wɪ nd ˈ sʌ mwʌ n ʌ p	to deliberately say or do something that will annoy or worry someone, as a joke	My older brother knows exactly what to say to wind me up.
fade away	phr v	feɪ d ə ˈ weɪ	to gradually disappear	My memories of my grandparents have faded away over time.
turn back the clock	idm	tɜ ː n bæ k ð ə klɒ k	to return to a good situation that you experienced in the past or to make someone remember such a situation	You may be wearing more fashionable clothes, but it's not going to turn back the clock.
driving force	n phr	ˈ draɪ vɪ ŋ fɔ ː s	someone or something that strongly influences people and makes them do something	Hawks was the driving force behind the project.
take short cuts	idm	teɪ k ʃ ɔ ː t kʌ ts	use a quicker way of doing something	You can't take short cuts with this recipe -- it has to cook for a long time.
motivator	n	ˈ mə ʊ tə veɪ tə, ˈ mə ʊ tɪ veɪ tə	something or someone that makes you want to do or achieve something	Money is a good motivator.
vibrant	adj	ˈ vaɪ brə nt	full of activity or energy in a way that is exciting and attractive	Hong Kong is a vibrant, fascinating city.
obtrusive	adj	ə bˈ truː sɪ v	noticeable in an unpleasant or annoying way	obtrusive TV antennas
adapt	v	ə ˈ dæ pt	to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation	The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
revel in	phr v	ˈ revə l ɪ n	to enjoy something very much	I revel in the fact that there are so many wonderful theatres near my house.
applaud	v	ə ˈ plɔ ː d	to express strong approval of an idea, plan etc	I'd like to applaud everyone who has raised money for our charity today.
a wealth of	phr	eɪ welθ ə v	a lot of something useful or good	You'll find a wealth of interesting objects in our museum.
get your message over	idm	ɡ et jə mesɪ dʒ ə ʊ və	make someone understand what you are saying	I explained it three times to Neil but I'm still not sure I got my message over.
get through to	idm	ɡ et θ ruː tə	make yourself understood to someone	I spent a long time telling her my side of the story, but I just couldn't get through to her.
bring up (a subject)	phr v	brɪ ŋ ʌ p (eɪ ˈ sʌ bdʒ ɪ kt)	to mention a subject or start to talk about it	She's still upset about the divorce so it's best not to bring up the subject.

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