Chapter 20

Physical capital – consist of manufactured productive resources such as equipment, buildings, tools, and machines.

Human capital is the improvement in labour created by education and knowledge that is embodied in the workforce.

The factor distribution of income is the division of total income among labour, land, and capital.

In a perfectly competitive market economy, the price of the good multiplied by the marginal product labour is equal to the value of the marginal product of labour: VMPL = P × MPL. A profit-maximizing producer hires labour up to the point at which the value of the marginal product of labour is equal to the wage rate: VMPL = W. The value of the marginal product of labour curve slopes downward due to diminishing returns to labour in production.

The value of the marginal product of a factor is the value of the additional output generated by employing one more unit of that factor.

The value of the marginal product curve of a factor shows how the value of the marginal product of that factor depends on the quantity of the factor employed.

The market demand curve for labour is the horizontal sum of all the individual demand curves of producers in that market.

There are three main aspects that causes factor demand curves to shift:

1) Changes in prices of goods

2) Changes in supply of other factors

3) Changes in technology

As in the case of labour, producers will employ land or capital until the point at which its value of the marginal product is equal to its rental rate. According to the marginal productivity theory of income distribution, in a perfectly competitive economy each factor of production is paid its equilibrium value of the marginal product.

The equilibrium value of the marginal product of a factor is the additional value produced by the last unit of that factor employed in the factor market as a whole.

The rental rate of either land or capital is the cost, explicit or implicit, of using a unit of that asset for a given period of time.

Existing large disparities in wages both among individuals and across groups led some to question the marginal productivity theory of income distribution.

Compensating differentials, as well as differences in the values of the marginal products of workers that arise from differences in talent, job experience, and human capital, account for some wage disparities.

Market power, in the form of unions or collective action by employers, as well as the efficiency-wage model, also explain how some wage disparities arise.

Discrimination has historically been a major factor in wage disparities. Market competition tends to work against discrimination.

The choice of how much labour to supply is a problem of time allocation: a choice between work and leisure.

A rise in the wage rate causes both an income and a substitution effect on an individual's labour supply. The substitution effect of a higher wage rate induces longer work hours, other things equal. This is countered by the income effect: higher income leads to a higher demand for leisure, a normal good. If the income effect dominates, a rise in the wage rate can actually cause the individual labour supply curve to 66 slope the " wrong" way: downward.

The market labour supply curve is the horizontal sum of the individual labour supply curves of all workers in that market. It shifts for four main reasons: changes in preferences and social norms, changes in population, changes in opportunities, and changes in wealth.

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