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Lesson 16: Media

1. author - the writer of a book, article, play, etc.

2. bias - the fact of preferring someone or something

3. censorship - the act of censoring books, films, etc.

4. current affairs - political news about events happening now

5. exposé - a public report of the facts about a situation, especially one that is shocking or has been kept secret

6. exposure - the attention that someone or something gets from newspapers, television etc

7. free press - a press having the freedom to operate without interference or censorship

8. ideology - the set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party.

9. mass media - newspapers, television, radio, and the internet

10. newsstand - a small structure where newspapers and magazines are sold

11. paparazzi - photographers who follow famous people in order to take photographs they can sell to newspapers

12. publicity - notice or attention given to someone or something by the media

13. relevance - the degree to which something is related or useful to what is happening or being talked about

14. safeguard - a rule, agreement etc that is intended to protect someone or something from possible dangers or problems

15. tabloid - a type of newspaper that has smaller pages, many pictures, and short reports

16. attention–grabbing - attracting people's notice; striking

17. biased - unfairly preferring one person or group over another

18. celebrity - someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment business

19. distorted - changed from the usual, original, natural, or intended form

20. entertaining - funny and enjoyable

21. factual - based on facts

22. informative - providing a lot of useful information

23. intrusive - affecting someone in a way that annoys them and makes them feel uncomfortable

24. investigative - intended to examine a situation in order to discover the truth

25. mainstream - (of beliefs or behaviour) common and shared by most people

26. sensationalist - a person who presents stories in a way that is intended to provoke public interest or excitement, at the expense of accuracy.

27. superficial - (of a person) never thinking about things that are serious or important

28. unbiased - able to judge fairly because you are not influenced by your own opinions

29. well-informed - having a lot of knowledge

30. exploit - to use something in a way that helps you

31. invade - to enter a place by force, often in large numbers

32. publicize - to make information about something generally available

33. corruption - illegal, bad, or dishonest behaviour, especially by people in positions of power

34. pride oneself on - be especially proud of a particular quality or skill

35. reveal - to make known or show something usually secret or hidden

36. ill-informed - knowing less than you should about a particular subject

37. comply - to act according to an order, set of rules or request

38. alarming - causing worry and fear

39. underreport - fail to report (something) fully

40. relegate - to put someone or something into a lower or less important rank or position

41. media hype - publicity

42. impartial - not supporting any of the sides involved in an argument

43. invasive - (especially of an action or sensation) tending to intrude on a person's thoughts or privacy; spreading

44. reality TV - television programs in which real people are continuously filmed, designed to be entertaining rather than informative.

45. glamorous - attractive in an exciting and special way

46. rectify - to correct something or make something right

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. Some people think the media – television and films – negatively affect people's behaviour. Others do not think so. How do you think the media affects people's behaviour? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

2. The most popular modern media is the internet. Do you think it will replace all other available media of communication? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Lesson 17: Travel

1. countryside - the land and scenery of a rural area.

2. destination - the place that someone or something is going to

3. effect - a change that is caused by an event, action etc

4. inhabitant - a person or an animal that lives in a particular place

5. itinerary - a detailed plan or route of a journey

6. journey - a trip, esp. over a long period or a great distance

7. landscape - everything you can see when you look across a large area of land

8. luggage - the cases, bags etc that you carry when you are travelling

9. peak - the highest, strongest, or best point, value, or level of skill

10. trend - general tendency or direction

11. village - a group of houses and other buildings that is smaller than a town, usually in the countryside

12. adventurous - willing to take risks or to try out new methods, ideas, or experiences

13. budget - estimate of the amount of money that can be spent for different purposes in a given time

14. breath-taking - very exciting, impressive or surprising

15. coastal - near the coast

16. cosmopolitan - containing people and things from many different parts of the world

17. diverse - including many different types of people or things

18. luxurious - very comfortable and expensive

19. mountainous - having a lot of mountains

20. picturesque - (esp. of a place) attractive in appearance

21. quaint - attractive because of being unusual and especially old- fashioned

22. remote - far away in distance or time

23. rough - approximate, bumpy

24. rural - happening in or relating to the countryside, not the city

25. scenic - surrounded by views of beautiful countryside

26. stunning - extremely beautiful or attractive

27. tough - strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated

28. unspoilt - a beautiful place which has not changed for a long time and does not have a lot of new buildings

29. urban - of or in a city or town

30. affect - to have an influence on someone or something

31. fluctuate - to change or vary frequently between one level or thing and another

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. In many countries people tend to move overseas or move to a different part of their country after their retirement. Discuss why they do so and what the outcome of this situation is. Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

2. Some people prefer to use energy-saving modes of transportation like hybrid cars and bicycles. Others prefer the usual mode of transportation like buses and trains because it is fast and efficient. Which mode of transportation do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

3. Low-price airlines lack most of the conveniences of normal air plane flights. However, the prices of the tickets are usually lower. Discuss negative and positive aspects of having lower rates of air plane tickets for travellers. Provide specific reasons and examples to support your response.

4. Is it good for families if parents need to travel a lot in their job or if they need to move to other cities? Is moving to a new location positive for children? Discuss your opinion and support it with specific reasons and examples.

5. Better driver education for better driving habits is more effective than heavier punishments for driving offences. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

Lesson 18: Urbanisation

1. challenge - something needing great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully

2. compromise - an agreement between two sides

3. dilemma - a difficult choice between two things

4. megacity - a very large city

5. migrant - a person that travels to a different country or place, often in order to find work

6. overpopulation - when there are too many people living in a particular place

7. poverty - the state of being poor

8. setback - a problem that delays or prevents progress, or makes things worse than they were

9. slum - a very poor and crowded area, especially of a city

10. adequate - as much as is needed; fully sufficient

11. booming - increasing; having a rapid economic growth

12. catastrophic - extremely harmful; causing financial or physical ruin

13. decent - socially acceptable or good

14. double-edged - something that acts in two ways, often with one negative and one positive effect

15. one-sided - not balanced or fair

16. long-sighted - able to see things clearly that are far away but not things that are near you

17. overpriced - too expensive

18. overworked - having to work too much

19. short-sighted - (1) a person who can only clearly see objects that are close to them. (2) not thinking enough about how an action will affect the future.

20. staggering - shocking because of being extremely large

21. address - to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem

22. aggravate - to make (an injury, problem, etc. ) more serious or severe.

23. deteriorate - get gradually worse

24. exacerbate - to make worse

25. exclude - to keep out or omit (something or someone)

26. flourish - to grow or develop successfully

27. linger - to stay somewhere longer than expected

28. raise - (here) to begin to talk or write about a subject that you want to be considered

29. remedy - to do something to correct or improve something that is wrong

30. resolve - to solve or end a problem or difficulty

31. worsen - to become worse

32. amend - to change for the better; to correct

33. exclusion - the act of not allowing someone or something to take part in an activity or to enter a place

34. inclusion - the act of including someone or something as part of a group, list, etc.

35. rag - a torn piece of old cloth

36. mount - to gradually increase, rise, or get bigger

37. scarce - not easy to find or get

38. cast-offs - things, usually clothes, that you no longer want

39. ubiquitous - found or existing everywhere

40. apparel - clothes, esp. of a special type

41. tradesman - a man who buys and sells goods, especially someone who owns a store

42. pawnbroker - someone whose business is to lend people money in exchange for valuable objects. If the money is not paid back, the pawnbroker can sell the object.

43. nascent - in the earliest stages of development

44. wholly - completely

45. chronically - in a long-lasting or habitual and problematic way.

46. disposal - the act of getting rid of something, especially by throwing it away

47. sewage - waste and liquid from toilets

48. neglected - not receiving enough care or attention

49. dust-yard - an example system of organised, municipal-wide solid waste management

50. immortalize - to cause someone to be remembered for a very long time

51. spring up - to start to exist suddenly

52. filth - disgusting dirt

53. merchant - a person whose business is buying and selling goods for profit

54. bug - (1) a very small insect. (2) a mistake or problem in a computer program

55. cinder - a very small piece of burnt wood, coal etc

56. notorious - famous for something bad

57. hereditary - a quality or illness that is passed from a parent to a child

58. of the first order - very important; considerable of its kind

59. in the eyes of somebody - in another person's opinion

60. incinerator - a device for burning waste material

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. Although more and more people use public transport, some city streets are still overcrowded with traffic. How can this problem be solved? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

2. People are more mobile nowadays. They seldom live in one city all of their lives. Why do you think this is happening? What are the consequences of this trend? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this situation. Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

CONCLUSION

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