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11. intent - the fact that you want and plan to do something

12. intrusion - an occasion when someone goes into a place or situation where they are not wanted or expected to be

13. kidnap - to take someone somewhere illegally by force, often in order to get money for returning them; ransom

14. motive - a reason for doing something

15. offense - a specific act that breaks the law

16. pickpocketing - the crime of stealing things out of people's pockets or bags, especially in a crowd

17. prosecutor - a person, especially a public official, who institutes legal proceedings against someone.

18. recklessness - lack of regard for the danger or consequences of one's actions

19. smuggling - the crime of taking goods or people into or out of a country illegally

20. swearing - rude or offensive language that someone uses, especially when they are angry

21. the accused - the person who is on trial in a law court

22. vandalism - the crime of intentionally damaging property belonging to other people

23. violation - an action that breaks a law, agreement, rule, etc.

24. evil - morally bad, cruel, or very unpleasant

25. harsh - unpleasant, unkind, cruel, or more severe than is necessary

26. intentional - planned or intended; done on purpose; deliberate

27. law-abiding - someone who obeys the law

28. offensive - very rude or insulting and likely to upset people

29. petty - not important and not worth giving attention to

30. punishable - (of an act) subject to a judicial punishment

31. strict - limiting people’s freedom to behave as they wish beyond what is usual

32. victimless - (of a crime) lacking a victim, or thought not to involve a victim

33. abide - accept and follow out; remain faithful to; dwell; endure

34. abolish - to put an end to something, such as an organization, rule, or custom

35. combat - to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful

36. deter - to prevent or discourage someone from doing something

37. enforce - to make people obey a rule or law

38. imprison - to put someone in prison

39. offend - to make someone upset or angry

40. perpetrate - to commit a crime or a violent or harmful act

41. resent - to dislike or be angry at something or someone because you have been hurt or not treated fairly

42. sanction - a strong action taken in order to make people obey a law or rule, or a punishment given when they do not obey

43. on behalf of - for somebody; instead of somebody

44. insane - mentally ill

45. elusive - difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember

46. deem - to consider or judge

47. bully - a person who threatens to hurt someone, often forcing that person to do something

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. Nowadays you can find instructional videos for just about any crime you can think of. What possible effects can this have on individuals and society? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

2. In many countries the age of criminals is getting lower. Give reasons and solutions to the problem. Support your position with relevant examples.

3. In most countries military officers retire at the age of 45 while other people work as long as 65 to 70. Compare these two approaches. Provide specific reasons and examples to support your position.

4. Some people believe that once a person becomes a criminal, he will always be a criminal. Do you agree with this statement? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

5. In some countries prisons are overcrowded which leads to many expenses for the government. To lessen the cost for prisoners' cost of living, reduced sentences are implemented. What do you suggest could be done? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

6. Some people are afraid to go out for fear of being robbed on the streets. Still, there are robberies that happen inside houses. What do you think is the best thing a person can do to ensure his/her own security? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

7. In some countries prisoners are allowed comfortable accommodation, good food, and healthcare. Do you think this is appropriate? To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give specific reasons and examples to support your position.

Lesson 6: Environment

1. biodiversity - the variety of plants and animals in a particular place

2. deforestation - the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people

3. ecosystem - all the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the environment

4. emission - the act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc.

5. erosion - the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or wind

6. exhaust - the waste gas from an engine, especially a car's, or the pipe the gas flows through

7. food chain - a series of living things in which each group eats organisms from the group lower than itself in the series

8. fumes - strong, unpleasant, and sometimes dangerous gas or smoke

9. impact - the effect or influence

10. pollutant - a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the atmosphere

11. refuse - rubbish; matter thrown away or rejected as worthless;

12. achievable - a task, ambition, etc. that is one that is possible to achieve

13. advantageous - useful

14. at risk - in a dangerous situation

15. chronic - (esp. of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time

16. conceivable - possible to imagine or to believe

17. devastating - causing a lot of damage or destruction

18. environmentally friendly - not harmful to the environment

19. fruitless - unsuccessful or not productive

20. futile - achieving no result; not effective

21. immune - unaffected; protected from or unable to be influenced by something.

22. impracticable - (of a course of action) impossible in practice to do or carry out.

23. improbable - not likely to happen or be true

24. irreparable - impossible to repair or make right again

25. irreplaceable - too special, valuable, or unusual to be replaced by anything else

26. irreversible - not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition

27. liable - legally responsible for the cost of something

28. pervasive - present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place

29. pointless - having no useful purpose

30. pristine - original and pure; not spoiled or worn from use

31. questionable - not certain, or wrong in some way

32. sustainable - causing little or no damage to the environment

33. taxing - challenging; needing too much effort

34. unattainable - not able to be achieved

35. unlikely - not probable or likely to happen

36. unprecedented - never having happened or existed in the past

37. worthwhile - useful, important, or good enough to be a suitable reward for the money or time spent or the effort made

38. confront - to face, meet, or deal with a difficult situation or person

39. contaminate - to make something less pure or make it poisonous

40. dispose of something - to get rid of something; throw out or destroy

41. inexorable - a process that cannot be stopped

42. inevitable - certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented

43. toll - suffering, deaths, or damage

44. quest - a long search for something that is difficult to find

45. insurmountable - (especially of a problem or a difficulty) so great that it cannot be dealt with successfully

46. insoluble - (of a problem) so difficult that it is impossible to solve

47. omnipresent - present or having an effect everywhere at the same time

48. shred - to cut or tear something roughly into thin strips

48a. burrow - a hole dug in the ground that an animal, such as a rabbit, lives in

49. den - the home of particular types of wild animal

50. ecology - the relationship of living things to their environment

51. evolution - the way in which living things change and develop over millions of years

52. extinction - a situation in which something no longer exists

53. fauna - all the animals of a particular area or period of time

54. flora - all the plants of a particular place or from a particular time in history

55. habitat - the place where a plant or animal lives

56. human nature - the behaviour and feelings common to most people

57. Mother Nature - the nature, esp. when it is thought of as a force that affects people and the world

58. predator - an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals

59. prey - an animal that is hunted by another animal

60. repercussion - negative effect

61. scent - a pleasant natural smell

62. vegetation - plants in general, or the plants that are found in a particular area

63. vermin - small animals and insects that can be harmful

64. disastrous - extremely bad or unsuccessful

65. domesticated - brought under human control

66. endangered - at risk or in danger of dying out completely

67. extinct - not now existing

68. vulnerable - able to be easily hurt, influenced, or attacked

69. adapt - to change something in order to make it suitable for a new use or situation

70. combat - to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful

71. eradicate - to get rid of completely or destroy something bad

72. hibernate - to spend the winter sleeping

73. tolerate - to bear something unpleasant or annoying

74. twig - a small, thin branch of a tree or bush, esp. one removed from the tree or bush and without any leaves

75. coat - the hair, wool, or fur covering an animal

76. beak - the hard, pointed part of a bird's mouth

77. hide - the strong, thick skin of an animal, used for making leather

78. scales - one of the many very small, flat pieces that cover the skin of fish, snakes, etc.

79. paw - the foot of an animal that has claws or nails, such as a cat, dog, or bear

80. claw - one of the sharp, curved nails at the end of each of the toes of some animals and birds

81. thorn - a small, sharp pointed growth on the stem of a plant

82. petal - one of the thin soft coloured parts of a flower

83. horn - a hard, pointed part, usually one of a pair, on the head of cows, goats, and other animals

84. vegan - a person who does not eat or use any animal products,

such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese, or leather

85. human being - a person

86. meerkat - a small, grey Southern African animal that sometimes sits up on its back legs

87. endemic - belonging to a particular area; inherent

88. prickly pear - type of cactus (= desert plant) that has oval fruit

89. paddock - a field of any size that is used for farming

90. render - to cause something to change in a certain way, make.

91. larva - the active immature form of an insect

92. cane - the long, hollow stems of particular plants such as bamboo

93. toad - a small animal, similar to a frog, that has dry, brown skin and lives mostly on land

94. controversial - causing disagreement or discussion

95. caterpillar - a small creature like a worm with many legs that eats leaves and that develops into a butterfly or other flying insect

96. hedgehog - small animal with spikes on its back

97. executive - director, someone in a high position

98. slug - a small animal with a soft body like a snail without a shell

99. forage - to go searching, esp. for food

100. saliva - the natural, watery liquid in the mouth that keeps it wet and helps prepare food for digestion

101. lineage - all the living things that are related directly to the same living thing that existed long ago

102. marsupials - have pouch and teat, mainly in Australia

103. trace - to find the origin of something

104. foetus - a young human being or animal before birth, after the organs have started to develop

105. equator - an imaginary line around the earth or another planet at an equal distance from the North Pole and the South Pole

106. proximity - the state of being near in space or time

107. scrap - to have a fight or an argument

108. primarily - mainly

109. litter - a group of animals that are born at the same time and

have the same mother

110. rodent - a type of small mammal with sharp front teeth

111. scrape - to (cause to) rub against something so that slight damage is produced

112. retract - moves back into the main part

113. belly - the stomach

114. quill - any of the long sharp pointed hairs on the body

115. perceive - to become aware of, know, or identify by means of the senses

116. spring up - take on form or shape

117. bristle - a short, stiff hair, usually one of many

118. squeak - to make a short high sound that is not very loud

119. vertebrate - an animal that has a spine

120. spine - the line of bones down the centre of the back

121. laden - heavily loaded with something

122. frothy - (of a liquid) with small white bubbles on it

123. prick - to make a small hole or holes in the surface of something

124. venomous - poisonous

125. irritating - making you feel annoyed

126. toll - suffering, deaths, or damage

127. bonfire - a large outdoor fire for burning waste or as part of a celebration

128. cattle grid - a set of bars, placed over a hole in the road, that allows vehicles to cross but not animals such as cows and sheep

129. ironically - in a way that is different or opposite from the result you would expect

130. all over again - start something again from the beginning

131. wading bird - a long-legged bird that frequents shallow water, especially in search of food.

132. inference - a conclusion drawn from evidence

133. hoglet - a small or young hog or pig; a baby hedgehog

134. feast on something - to eat a lot of good food

135. cull - to kill animals so that there are not too many of them, or so that a disease does not spread

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. Managing global environmental issues should be handled by one organization on a global scale. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

2. Many agricultural lands are being converted into commercial centres. How does this affect the environment and the people’s lifestyle? Discuss this situation and provide suggestions to address these issues. Support your answer with specific reasons and examples.

3. Many efforts have been made by countries to address challenges concerning the environment but the situation has not improved. What are the possible reasons for environmental degradation? Are there any solutions to combat this problem? Support your answer with specific reasons and examples.

4. Nowadays, it is possible to move ocean creatures from their natural

habitat at sea and have them relocated to marine parks for the purpose

of education and entertainment. Do you think the advantages of this

development outweigh the disadvantages? Explain your reasons and

support them with specific examples.

5. The government should close companies that produce toxic waste materials without their own waste treatment facility in order to protect the environment. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

6. Many believe that companies behind oil and gas production promote new boundless opportunities while others fear the results from their intrusion in nature. Discuss possible reasons, results and solutions.

7. Why do we need to prevent the extinction of some animals like dinosaurs and dodos if it is caused by natural processes? What is your opinion about this?

8. People produce more garbage than in the past. Explain how it is affecting us and the measures that could be taken to address the situation. Provide specific examples and explanation to support your answer.

Lesson 7: Fuels & Energy

1. biofuel - a fuel that is made from living things or their waste

2. crisis - a time of great disagreement, confusion, or suffering

3. fossil fuel - a fuel such as gas, coal, and oil that has been produced in the earth from plants and animals

4. hybrid - a vehicle with an engine that uses both petrol and another type of energy, usually electricity

5. petrol - a liquid obtained from petroleum, used especially as a fuel for cars and other vehicles

6. resource - something that can be used to help you

7. turbine - a type of machine through which liquid or gas flows and turns a special wheel with blades in order to produce power

8. disposable - intended to be thrown away after use

9. drastic - (of a change) severe and sudden; extreme

10. rechargeable - able to be recharged

11. unleaded - (of gasoline (= a fuel)) not containing lead (= a metal)

12. conserve - to keep and protect something from damage, change, or waste

13. counter - to do something in order to prevent something bad from happening or to reduce its bad effects

14. deplete - to reduce something in size or amount, especially supplies of energy, money, etc.

15. emit - to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas

16. expend - to use or spend time, effort, or money

17. outweigh - to be greater or more important than something else

18. offset - counteract (something) by having an equal and opposite force or effect.

19. make up for something - to compensate for something bad with something good

20. tidy up - to clean and put things in a room in their proper place

21. forth - going out from a place or point, and moving forwards or outwards

22. clutter - a state of being untidy

23. needlessly - in a way that is not necessary

24. zap - to cook or heat something in a microwave

25. tumble dryer - a machine that uses hot air to dry clothes after they have been washed

26. round trip - a trip from one place to another and back to where you started

27. myth - a commonly believed but false idea

28. flick something on/off - to move a switch in order to make electrical equipment start/stop working

29. windmill - a structure with parts that turn around in the wind, used for producing electrical power or crushing grain

30. supplies - food and other ordinary goods needed by people every day

31. commonplace - ordinary; happening or seen frequently

32. diesel - a type of heavy oil used as fuel

33. lexical - relating to words

34. abuzz - filled with noise and activity

35. hurdle - a problem that you have to deal with before you can make progress

36. derivative - having qualities taken from something else

37. ponder - to think carefully about something

38. advocate - someone who publicly supports something

39. premise - to base an argument or theory on

40. appraisal - an act of assessing something or someone

41. derived - coming from or caused by something else

42. rapeseed - canola; a plant with yellow flowers from which oil and animal food are produced

43. burden - a load, typically a heavy one

44. disruption - an interruption in the usual way that a system, process, or event works

45. immense - extremely large in size or degree

46. sobering - making you feel serious

47. wean - (1) to accustom (a child or young animal) to food other than its mother's milk. (2) to withdraw a person from some object or habit.

48. ongoing - continuing to exist, happen, or develop

49. destruction - the process of causing so much damage to something

50. conservationist - someone who works to protect animals, plants etc.

51. dire - very serious or extreme

52. prospect - (1) possibility (2) a good view of a large land area

53. fleet - a number of buses, aircraft, etc. under the control of one person or organization

54. algae - very simple, usually small plants that grow in or near water and do not have ordinary leaves or roots

55. order of magnitude - the approximate size of something, especially a number

56. entrepreneur - someone who makes money by starting their own business

57. scheme - a plan or system for doing or organizing something

58. feat - achievement

59. dim - not bright, lacking light, being weak.

60. not go anywhere - to make no progress at all

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. Some people prefer to use energy-saving modes of transportation like hybrid cars and bicycles. Others prefer the usual mode of transportation like buses and trains because it is fast and efficient. Which mode of transportation do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

2. Low-price airlines lack most of the conveniences of normal air plane flights. However, the prices of the tickets are usually lower. Discuss negative and positive aspects of having lower rates of air plane tickets for travellers. Provide specific reasons and examples to support your response.

Lesson 8: Health & Fitness

1. allergy - a medical condition that causes you to react badly or feel sick when you eat or touch a particular substance

2. anxiety - an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something

3. appetite - the feeling that you want to eat food

4. artery - one of the larger tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body

5. asset - a valuable thing to have

6. craving - a strong or uncontrollable desire

7. depression - the state of feeling very unhappy and without hope for the future

8. diagnosis - the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms.

9. dietitian - a person who scientifically studies and gives advice about food and eating

10. eating disorder - Any of a range of psychological disorders characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits

11. heart attack - a serious medical condition in which the heart does not get enough blood, causing great pain and often leading to death

12. ingredient - one of the things from which something is made

13. insomnia - the condition of being unable to sleep, over a period of time

14. intake - the amount of something such as food, breath, or a liquid that is taken in by someone or something

15. junk food - food that is unhealthy but is quick and easy to eat

16. nutrient - any substance that plants or animals need in order to live and grow

17. obesity - extreme fatness

18. onset - the moment at which something unpleasant begins

19. portion - (1) a part or share of something larger. (2) the amount of a particular food that is served to one person.

20. serving - the amount of one type of food given to one person

21. stroke - a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can result in a loss of some mental or physical abilities, or death.

22. acute - very serious, extreme, or severe

23. alternate - every second, or every other

24. brisk - quick, energetic, and active

25. chronic - (esp. of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time

26. infectious - (of a disease) able to be passed one person, animal, or plant to another

27. obese - excessively overweight

28. persistent - determined to do something despite difficulties.

29. vital - essential, important

30. counteract - to reduce or remove the effect of something by producing an opposite effect

31. curb - to control or limit something that is not wanted

32. diminish - to reduce or be reduced in size or importance

33. disrupt - to prevent something, esp. a system, process, or event, from continuing as usual or as expected

34. overdo - to do something in a way that is too extreme

35. overeat - to eat more food than your body needs

36. trigger - to cause something bad to start

37. tempt - to encourage someone to want to have or do something, esp. something wrong

38. miss out on - to lose an opportunity

39. excess - an amount that is more than acceptable, expected, or reasonable

40. mouth - to move the lips as if speaking a word

41. teethe - (of a baby or small child) to grow teeth

42. writhe - to make large twisting movements with the body

43. bathe - to wash something with water, esp. a part of your body

44. agony - extreme physical or mental pain or suffering

45. tablet - a small, solid piece of medicine

46. notion - belief or idea

47. staple - main or important, especially in terms of consumption

48. swap - exchange; to give something and be given something else instead

49. more or less - approximately

50. apt - suitable; appropriate

51. cope - to deal successfully with a difficult situation

52. wording - the exact choice of words

53. build-up - an increase, especially one that is gradual

54. debilitating - causing weakness

55. pace - the speed at which somebody/something walks, runs or moves

56. aspect - a particular part or feature of a situation or a problem

57. attitude - the way you feel about something or someone

58. creativity - the ability to produce original and unusual ideas

59. daily routine - typical or everyday activity

60. desire - a strong feeling that you want something

61. fulfilment - a feeling of happiness because you are doing what you intended to do in life

62. hobby - an activity that someone does for pleasure when they are not working

63. insight - the capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone or something.

64. leisure - the time when you are not working or doing other duties

65. lifestyle - the way that you live

66. optimist - someone who always believes that good things will happen

67. outlook - the likely future situation

68. opportunity - a chance to do something

69. personality - the type of person you are, shown by the way you behave, feel, and think

70. pessimist - someone who feels that bad things are more likely to happen than good things

71. priority - something that is very important and must be dealt with before other things

72. realist - a person who tends to accept and deal with people and situations as they are

73. risk taker - someone who often takes risks

74. self-expression - expression of your personality, emotions, or ideas, especially through art, music, or acting

75. sense - the ability to make reasonable judgments

76. intense - extreme

77. materialistic - believing that having money and possessions is the most important thing in life

78. outdoor - existing, happening, or done outside a building

79. recreational - relating to or denoting activity done for enjoyment when one is not working.

80. appeal - to make a serious or formal request

81. fulfil - to do something that is expected

82. motivate - to cause someone to behave in a particular way

83. regret - to feel sad about a lost opportunity

84. lead a happy life - having a purpose each day and achieving that goal.

85. live life on the edge - to have an adventurous or perilous lifestyle

86. live life to its fullest - often said to encourage people who are feeling down, a bit depressed, lonely or self-pitying.

87. make a choice - to select; to separate and take in preference.

88. make a decision - decide

89. make a living - to earn enough money to buy the things you need

90. meet a need - to do something that someone wants, needs, or expects you to do

91. take part - involve

92. do something for a living - to do something as your job or a way of making money

93. walks of life - various levels of social position or achievement

94. cost of living - the amount of money that a person needs to live

95. lifelong ambition - very strong desire

96. once in a lifetime - only likely to happen once in a person's life

97. standard of living - the degree of comfort that people in a particular social class, country, etc. have

98. way of life - the manner in which a person lives

99. inevitable - unavoidable

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