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100. arcade - a covered passageway usually lined with shops

101. quilt - a decorative cover for a bed

102. be spoilt for choice - to be unable to choose because there are so many possible good choices

103. ahead of time - sooner than was expected

104. upcoming - happening soon

105. delighted - very pleased

106. babysit - to take care of other people's children in your own home as a job

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. More people are now trying out different varieties of food which results in consumption of ingredients from different parts of the world. Do you think this is a positive or negative development? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

2. In some countries, health care and education are only partially funded by the government. Which do you think is better in terms of quality: free public healthcare and education or privately paid health care and education? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your position.

3. Do you think that an ageing society will disappear? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having more old people in society?

4. Which is better: to have children earlier or later in a woman’s life? What are possible reasons and effects of these two tendencies on a personal scale and for society in general? Support your answer with specific reasons and examples.

5. Some people, including medical workers argue against using animals and humans for clinical tests while others think it is necessary. Which are you in favour of? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Lesson 9: History

1. archaeologist - someone who studies the buildings, graves, tools, and other objects of people who lived in the past

2. era - a period of time known for particular events or developments

3. excavate - to remove earth from a place in order to find old objects buried there

4. the Middle Ages - a period in European history, between about AD 1000 and AD 1500, when the power of kings, people of high rank, and the Christian Church was strong

5. millennium - a period of 1, 000 years

6. pioneer - a person who is one of the first people to do something

7. timeline - a line showing the order in which events happened

8. chronological - in order of time from the earliest to the latest

9. consecutive - following each other continuously.

10. imminent - (esp. of something unpleasant) likely to happen very soon

11. middle-aged - in middle age; too careful and not showing the enthusiasm, energy, or style of someone young

12. nostalgic - feeling happy and also slightly sad when you think about things that happened in the past

13. prior - coming before in time, order, or importance

14. time-consuming - taking a lot of time to do or complete

15. erode - to rub or be rubbed away gradually

16. inter - to bury a dead body

17. predate - to have existed or happened before another thing

18. span - extend over; to exist or continue for a particular length of time

19. in time - early enough

20. lose track of time - to be unaware of what time it is

21. on time - at the correct time or the time that was arranged

22. take so long - to spend a lot of time to do something

23. at the right time - at the proper time, at the right moment

24. formerly - in the past

25. Stonehenge - a circle of very large stones built in ancient times in southern England

26. pole - a long, thin stick of wood or metal, often used standing straight up in the ground to support things

27. ice age - a time in the past when the temperature was very cold

28. frenzy - a state or period of uncontrolled excitement

29. awe - a feeling of great respect, usually mixed with fear or surprise

30. sketch something out - to give some details about something

31. posthole - a hole dug in the ground to hold a fence post.

32. post - a vertical stick or pole stuck into the ground, usually to support something or show a position

33. ditch - a narrow channel dug at the side of a road or field, to hold or carry away water.

34. carve - to cut out

35. chalk - a type of soft white rock

36. pasture - land covered with grass or similar plants suitable for animals, such as cows and sheep, to eat

37. henge - a prehistoric circle of large stones or wooden objects

38. astronomy - the scientific study of the universe

39. infer - to form an opinion or decide that something is true from the information you have

40. nevertheless - despite what has just been said or referred to

41. hunter-gatherer - a member of a society that lives by hunting and collecting wild food, rather than by farming

42. wear away - to become thin and disappear after repeated use or rubbing

43. the arrival of something - the time when a new idea, product etc. is first used or discovered

44. antiquated - old-fashioned or unsuitable for modern society

45. consecutive - events, numbers, etc. follow one after another without an interruption

46. engrossed - absorbed

47. plait - to join three or more pieces of hair

48. bride - a woman who is about to get married

49. obsess - to think about something or someone all the time

50. skull - the bone of your head

51. oral diseases - diseases of the mouth

52. by no means - not at all

53. plague - to cause pain or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time

54. acupuncture - a treatment for pain and illness in which special needles are put into the skin at particular positions

55. therapeutic - having a healing effect

56. undertake - to do or begin to do something

57. forefront - the most important or leading position

58. treatise - a formal piece of writing that deals with a particular subject

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. In some countries, buildings of historical value are being demolished to give way to modern buildings. Do you think that it is better to preserve the old historical outlook of buildings or it is better to incorporate only new styles of architecture? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this situation. Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Lesson 10: Information Technology

1. the latest - the most recent news or technical development

2. patent - the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number of years

3. prototype - the first one made of a machine or system

4. silicon chip - a small piece of silicon that is used in computers, calculators, and other electronic devices

5. telecommunications - the sending and receiving of messages over distance, especially by phone, radio, and television

6. vision - an idea or mental image of something

7. cutting edge - the most recent stage in the development of something

8. cyber - involving, using, or relating to computers, especially the internet

9. dated - old-fashioned; out-of-date.

10. labour-saving - a device or method that saves a lot of effort and time.

11. portable - light and small enough to be easily carried or moved

12. virtual - made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a computer, rather than in the real world

13. access - to get information, esp. when using a computer

14. revolutionize - to completely change something so that it is much better

15. scroll - to move text or other information on a computer screen in order to see a different part of it

16. surpass - do better than; be greater than; excel

17. live up to something - to be as good as something

18. takeover - to begin to have control of something

19. awash - there is a large amount of something

20. be a tribute to - to be a clear sign of the good qualities of

21. redundant - unnecessary

22. guise - the appearance of someone or something

23. date - to say how long something has existed or when it was made

24. dump - deposit or dispose of (rubbish, waste, or unwanted material)

25. tricky - difficult to do or deal with

26. awkward - clumsy; not well-suited to use; not easily managed; embarrassing

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. Do you think that technological advancement has brought more harm than good? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. What technologies did you use to help you in your studies? Describe how it has helped you. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

2. With the latest technological advancements, dating is now possible online. Would you recommend online dating for your single friends? What are the advantages and disadvantages of online dating? Site some examples to support your answer.

3. All inventions and discoveries like the discovery of fire and electricity have impacts on our lives so much so that people can no longer live without them. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

4. The internet has a bigger impact on people’s lives because it is more popular than television. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support you position.

5. Is it good for children to start using computers from an early age and spend long hours on it? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages. Explain your choice by using specific reasons and details.

Lesson 11: Mental & Physical Development

1. adolescent - Characteristic of a teenager; not fully grown up

2. concept - a principle or idea

3. consequence - a result of a particular action or situation

4. imagination - the ability to create pictures in your mind

5. infancy - the time when someone is a baby or a very young child

6. milestone - an important event in the development or history of something or in someone's life

7. peer - [usually plural] a person of the same age, status, or ability as another specified person.

8. social skills - skills required for successful social interaction.

9. toddler - a young child who has just learnt to walk

10. cognitive - connected with mental processes of understanding

11. clumsy - awkward in movement or manner

12. fond - to like someone or something very much

13. full-grown - completely grown

14. rebellious - somebody who breaks the rules

15. acquire - to obtain or begin to have something

16. imitate - to copy the speech or behaviour, etc. of someone or something

17. look back (on) - to think about what happened in the past

18. master - to learn or understand something completely

19. reminisce - to talk or write about past experiences that you remember with pleasure

20. throw a fit/tantrum - to experience and show a strong feeling of anger, especially suddenly

21. visualise - to imagine or remember someone or something by forming a picture in your mind

22. bear in mind - to remember someone or something

23. broaden the mind - to increase a person's knowledge, experience, or interests. widen.

24. have something on your mind - to be worrying about something

25. it slipped my mind - to forget something that you had to do

26. keep an open mind - to wait until you know all the facts before forming an opinion or making a judgment

27. my mind went blank - cannot remember anything

28. make a choice - to select; to separate and take in preference.

29. shoelace - a thin string or strip of leather used to fasten shoes

30. mimic - copy, imitate

31. overly - too; very

32. unparalleled - having no equal; better or greater than any other

33. spurt - to flow out suddenly

34. infinity - time or space that has no end

35. grasp - to understand something, especially something difficult

36. overindulge - to allow yourself or someone else to have too much of something enjoyable, especially food or drink

37. displeased - annoyed or unhappy

38. overdue - late; not done or happening when expected or when needed

39. enquire - to ask for information

40. unassisted - unsupported by other people

41. momentarily - for a very short time

42. tantrum - a sudden period of extreme anger

43. spontaneous - happening naturally, without planning or encouragement

44. obstacle - something that makes it difficult for you to achieve something

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. Tuition for healthy children usually has top priority in most countries. However, teaching students with disabilities or mental issues is more difficult and even more important to support and develop. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

2. In some countries, physical education is a compulsory subject for the leaving certificate. Some people suggest that this practice be abolished? Which view do you agree with? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.

Lesson 12: Modern Times

1. brand - a type of product made by a particular company

2. demographics - statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

3. globalization - the development of closer economic, cultural, and political relations among all the countries of the world

4. hindsight - understanding the nature of an event after it has actually happened

5. icon - a person or thing regarded as a representative symbol or as worthy of veneration.

6. identity - who or what somebody/something is

7. implication - a likely consequence of something

8. joint venture - a business or business activity that two or more people or companies work on together

9. monopoly - the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

10. modernization - the process of adapting something to modern needs or habits.

11. multiculturalism - the belief that different cultures within a society should all be given importance

12. projection - a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have

13. proportion - the number or amount of a group or part of something when compared to the whole

14. ethnic - relating to a particular race of people

15. exotic - exciting and unusual because it is connected with foreign countries

16. long-term - continuing a long time into the future

17. sceptical - doubting that something is true or useful

18. subsequent - later; following; coming after

19. wealthy - rich

20. contribute - give (something, especially money) in order to help achieve or provide something.

21. dwindle - become smaller and smaller; shrink

22. urbanization - the process by which more and more people leave the countryside to live in cities

23. ethnicity - a large group of people who have the same national, racial, or cultural origins, or the state of belonging to such a group

24. astounding - very surprising or shocking

25. ridiculous - stupid or unreasonable

26. commentator - a person on radio or television who describes and discusses news events, sports, books, or other subjects

27. bug - (1) a very small insect. (2) a mistake or problem in a computer program

28. flatten off/out - to stop rising or falling, and stay at the same level

29. meddle - to try to change or have an influence on things that are not your responsibility

30. unfold - to happen as time passes.

31. factor in - take into account

32. project - to calculate an amount or number expected in the future from information already known

33. GDP - Gross Domestic Product: the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

34. embrace - to accept something enthusiastically

35. compound - to make a problem or difficult situation worse

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. Some people think that in modern society one needs to focus on their career while leaving personal development and values behind. What do you think is more important? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

2. Many modern shopping centres are now becoming more popular than local market shops. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this consumer behaviour? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your position.

3. The most popular modern media is the internet. Do you think it will replace all other available media of communication? Provide specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Lesson 13: School Life

1. assignment - a piece of work that is given to someone as a part of their job

2. controversy - a disagreement, often a public one

3. curriculum - all the courses given in a school, college, etc.

4. dissertation - a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done in order to receive a degree at college or university

5. findings - information that has been discovered esp. by detailed study

6. funding - money given by a government or organization for an event or activity

7. graduation - finishing a degree or other course of study at a university or school

8. grant - a sum of money given by the government, a university, or a private organization to another organization or person for a special purpose

9. junior school - a school in the UK for children who are seven to eleven years old

10. kindergarten - a nursery school; a school for children between the ages of about two and five

11. learning disorder - a disorder found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills

12. lecturer - someone who teaches at a college or university

13. nursery - a place where small children are cared for while their parents are at work

14. resource - something that can be used to help you

15. scholarship - money given to someone to help pay for that person's education.

16. scope - the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion, class, etc.

17. syllabus - a plan showing the subjects or books to be studied in a particular course

18. tutor - a teacher paid to work privately with one student or a small group

19. eligible - being able or allowed to do it

20. mixed - including both sexes

21. relevant - connected with what is happening or being discussed

22. seniors - older people, usually retired

23. studious - someone who enjoys studying or spends a lot of time studying

24. adopt - to accept or begin to use something

25. conduct - to organize and perform a particular activity

26. consider - to think about something carefully

27. overcome - to control or defeat something

28. review - to consider something in order to make changes in it, study it, or give an opinion about it

29. struggle - to work hard to do something

30. distraction - something that prevents someone from giving their attention to something else

31. protractor - a device for measuring and drawing angles, usually shaped in a half circle

32. dyslexia - word blindness; learning disorder marked by impairment of the ability to read

33. knit - to join together

34. artefact - an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a decoration, especially one that is of historical interest

35. internship - on-the-job training

36. placement - a temporary position or job in an organization

37. daunting - making you feel slightly frightened or worried about your ability to achieve something

38. specialization - the limiting of one’s study or work to one particular area, or a particular area of knowledge

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. School curriculum is selected by the central education authority rather than by the teachers, parents and students. Some believe that the latter should take part in the choice. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

2. Some students do very well at school and never have problems while others fall behind. Are they capable of handling this challenge themselves or should teachers and parents help them? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

3. Doing an enjoyable activity with a child can develop better skills and imagination than reading. To what extent do you agree? Use reasons and specific examples to explain your answer.

4. University students nowadays have too much freedom and do not study enough. To what extent do you agree and disagree? Explain your opinion, using specific reasons and examples.

Lesson 14: Space

1. asteroid - one of many large rocks that circle the sun

2. cosmos - the whole universe, especially when you think of it as a system

3. crater - a large hole in the top of a volcano

4. debris - broken or torn pieces of something larger

5. exploration - the activity of searching and finding out about something

6. galaxy - large isolated system of stars, such as the Milky Way

7. horizon - the place in the distance where the earth and sky seem to meet

8. launch - an occasion when a ship is put into water, or a spacecraft is sent into space, for the first time

9. meteor - a piece of rock or other matter from space that produces a bright light as it travels through the atmosphere

10. outer space - the universe beyond the earth’s atmosphere (= the air surrounding the earth).

11. simulator - a piece of equipment that is designed to represent real conditions, for example in an aircraft or spacecraft

12. solar system - the sun and the group of planets that move around it

13. spacecraft - a vehicle used for travel in space

14. space shuttle - a vehicle that takes people into space and comes back to Earth again

15. cosmic - pertaining to the universe; vast

16. gravitational - involving gravity

17. lunar - of or relating to the moon

18. meteoric - relating to or caused by a meteor

19. outer - at a greater distance from the centre

20. terrestrial - relating to the earth

21. uninhabitable - not habitable (= suitable to live in)

22. unmanned - does not have a person inside it

23. acclimatize - to (cause to) change to suit different conditions of life, weather, etc.

24. colonize - to send people to live in and govern another country

25. propel - to cause something to move forward

26. sustain - to keep something in operation; maintain

27. undergo - experience or be subjected to (something, typically something unpleasant or arduous)

28. acrophobia - fear of heights

29. feasible - able to be made, done, or achieved

30. in terms of - used to describe which particular area of a subject you are discussing

31. thunderstorm - a storm with thunder and lightening

32. barely - only just

33. scramble - to climb up, down, or over something quickly and with difficulty

34. fellow - a member of an official organization for a particular subject or job

35. eventuality - a possible happening or result

36. contemplate - to spend time considering a possible future action

37. cathedral - a very large, usually stone, building for Christian worship

38. foresee - to know about something before it happens

39. shield - something or someone used as protection or providing protection

40. realm - an area of interest or activity

41. faith - complete trust or confidence.

42. frontier - an area that is being explored

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. Modern trends in early education focus on an array of practical school projects rather than developing traditional skills through maths, science and similar subjects. Which do you consider the better approach and why? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.

Lesson 15: Arts

1. art appreciation - understanding the qualities of great art

2. appealing - attractive or interesting

3. aesthetics - the formal study of the principles of art and beauty

4. artefact - an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a decoration, especially one that is of historical interest

5. ballerina - a female ballet dancer

6. ballet - a type of dancing where carefully organized movements tell a story or express an idea

7. carving - a shape or pattern cut into wood or stone or the skill of doing this

8. conception - an idea about what something is like, or a general understanding of something

9. concert - a performance of music by one or more musicians

10. crafts - skill and experience, especially in relation to making objects

11. emotion - a strong feeling such as love or anger

12. exhibition - a collection of things shown publicly

13. expression - the act of saying what you think or showing how you feel using words or actions

14. festival - an organized set of special events, such as musical performances or plays

15. inspiration - someone or something that gives your ideas for doing something

16. intimacy - a situation in which you have a close friendship or sexual relationship with someone

17. literature - writing that has lasting value as art

18. performing arts - acting, singing, dancing, and other forms of public entertainment

19. portrait - a painting, photograph, or drawing of a person

20. venue - the place where a public event or meeting happens

21. abstract - paintings, designs etc. consist of shapes and patterns that do not look like real people or things

22. accomplished - skilled

23. burgeoning - developing quickly

24. classical - traditional in style or form

25. distracting - preventing concentration or diverting attention; disturbing

26. eclectic - consisting of different types, methods, styles, etc.

27. electric - very exciting

28. fundamental - basic; primary; essential

29. literary - connected with literature

30. mundane - very ordinary and therefore not interesting

31. passionate - full of emotion

32. vivid - brightly coloured or (of descriptions or memories) producing clear, powerful, and detailed images in the mind

33. choreograph - to arrange how dancers should move during a performance

34. depict - to represent or show something in a picture, story, movie, etc.; portray

35. provoke - to cause a reaction, especially a negative one

36. transcendent - going beyond ordinary limits

37. impulse - a sudden strong wish to do something

38. neurological - relating to nerves

39. hardwired - the way of behaving etc that is a natural part of a person’s character

40. push through - to make a plan or suggestion

41. throng - a crowd or large group of people

42. behold - to see or look at someone or something

43. enigmatic - mysterious and impossible to understand completely

44. tingle - to have a slight stinging feeling

45. thrill - a sudden feeling of excitement

46. glimpse - a short, quick view

47. curvaceous - having an attractively curved body shape – used about women

48. deft - skilful and quick

49. showcase - to show the best qualities or parts of something

50. dine - to eat dinner

51. scenery - the general appearance of natural surroundings

52. intricate - complex; containing many small parts or details that all work or fit together

53. justifiable - understandable

54. consensus - general agreement; opinion reached by a group

55. explicit - clear and exact

56. comparison - the act of comparing two or more people or things

57. institutionalize - to send someone, especially someone who is not able to live independently, to live in an institution

58. rote learning - learning something in order to be able to repeat it from memory, rather than in order to understand it

Most probable Writing Task 2 Questions in 2021:

1. Should the government support artists, such as, musicians, writers, and painters? Is it economically beneficial or is it just a waste of money? Why or why not?

2. Do you agree or disagree that governments should spend money on other things than art even though art helps develop quality in people’s life? Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

3. Do you agree or disagree that governments should spend money on other things than art even though art helps develop quality in people’s life? Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

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