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Of Higher education

<<Penza State University>>

Medical Institute

Course Paper

In History of medicine

<< Ambroise Paré >>

Student: - Rushil Patel

Group: - 19ll5a

Instructor: - Dr. Gavrilova Tatiana

Penza 2019-2020

CONTENTS:-

1.INTRODUCTION…………………………………….. 3

2.BIOGRAPHY…………………………………………. 4

3.MEDICAL CAREER…………………………………. 5

4.BEZOAR STONE EXPERIMENT…………………… 8

5.HONOURS……………………………………………. 8

INTRODUCTION:-

Ambroise Paré (c. 1510 – 20 December 1590) was a French barber surgeon who served in that role for kings Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III. He is considered one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology and a pioneer in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine, especially in the treatment of wounds. He was also an anatomist and invented several surgical instruments. He was also part of the Parisian Barber Surgeon guild.

In his personal notes about the care he delivered to Captain Rat, in the Piémont campaign (1537–1538), Paré wrote: Je le pansai, Dieu le guérit ("I bandaged him and God healed him"). This epitomises a philosophy that he used throughout his career. These words, inscribed on his statue in Laval, are reminiscent of the Latin adage medicus curat, natura sanat.

Ambroise Paré

· BIOGRAPHY:-

Pare was the son of an artisan. He served an apprenticeship to a barber-surgeon in the provinces (probably at Angers or Vitre), then went to Paris, where he became house surgical student at the Hotel-Dieu, a post that provided him a valuable opportunity to study anatomy by dissection. About 1536 Pare became a master barber-surgeon and entered military service under Marechal Montejan; he accompanied the army on an expedition to Italy, where he spent two years. He returned to Paris in 1539, but intermittently participated in military campaigns throughout most of the next three decades. In 1552 Henry II appointed him one of his chirurgiens ordinaries; he became premier chirurgien to Charles IX in 1562 and served Henry III in the same capacity. He had a flourishing practice at court and in Paris, and, as a military surgeon, treated the wounded of both sides during the Wars of Religion. (Although often reported to have been a Huguenot, Pare remained a Roman Catholic throughout his life.)

Military practice afforded Pare experience in treating a wide variety of injuries. In particular, he revolutionized the treatment of gunshot wounds, which had been considered to be poisonous and were routinely cauterized with boiling oil. At the siege of Turin in 1536, Pare (according to his own account, published almost half a century later) ran out of hot oil and instead used a“digestive”dressing composed of egg yolk, oil of roses, and turpentine. The following day, he noted that the soldiers who had had their wounds dressed in this improvised manner were recovering better than the soldiers treated by the conventional method; they were free from pain, and their wounds were neither inflamed nor swollen. Pare then experimented with a number of different dressings (including some containing aqua vitae, which would, together with turpentine, have acted as a topical antiseptic) and concluded that gunshot wounds were not in themselves poisonous, and did not require cautery. He reported his discovery in his first treatise, La methode de traicter les playesfaites par les arquebuses et aultres bastons a feu, published in 1545. This treatise, written in the vernacular because Pare knew no Latin, brought him immediate fame.

· MEDICAL CAREER:-

Paré was a keen observer and did not allow the beliefs of the day to supersede the evidence at hand. In his autobiographical book, Journeys in Diverse Places, Paré inadvertently practiced the scientific method when he returned the following morning to a battlefield. He compared one group of patients who were treated in the traditional manner with boiling elder oil and cauterization, and the remainder with a recipe made of egg yolk, oil of roses and turpentine, and left overnight. Paré discovered that the soldiers treated with the boiling oil were in agony, whereas the ones treated with the ointment had recovered because of the antiseptic properties of turpentine. This proved this method's efficacy, and he avoided cauterization thereafter. However, treatments such as this were not widely used until many years later. He published his first book The method of curing wounds caused by arquebus and firearms in 1545.

Paré also reintroduced the ligature of arteries (first used by Galen) instead of cauterization during amputation.^[7] The usual method of sealing wounds by searing with a red-hot iron often failed to arrest the bleeding and caused patients to die of shock. For the ligature technique he designed the "Bec de Corbeau" ("crow's beak"), a predecessor to modern haemostats. Although ligatures often spread infection, it was still an important breakthrough in surgical practice. Paré detailed the technique of using ligatures to prevent hemorrhaging during amputation in his 1564 book Treatise on Surgery. During his work with injured soldiers, Paré documented the pain experienced by amputees which they perceive as sensation in the 'phantom' amputated limb. Paré believed that phantom pains occur in the brain (the consensus of the medical community today) and not in remnants of the limb. He also performed many neurosurgical procedures.

In 1542, during the siege of Perpignan, Paré, accompanying the French army, employed a novel technique to aid in bullet extraction. During a battle, Maréchal de Brissac was wounded, having been shot in the shoulder. When finding the bullet seemed impossible, Paré had the idea to ask the victim to put himself in the exact position he was in when shot. The bullet was then found and removed by Henry's personal surgeon, Nicole Lavernault.

Paré was also an important figure in the progress of obstetrics in the middle of the 16th century. He revived the practice of podalic version, and showed how even in cases of head presentation, surgeons with this operation could often deliver the infant safely, instead of having to dismember the infant and extract the infant piece by piece.

Paré also introduced the lancing of infants' gums using a lancet during teething, in the belief that teeth were failing to emerge from the gums due to lack of a pathway, and that this failure was a cause of death. This belief and practice persisted for centuries, with some exceptions, until towards the end of the nineteenth century lancing became increasingly controversial and was then abandoned.

Paré was ably seconded by his pupil Jacques Guillemeau, who translated his work into Latin, and at a later period himself wrote a treatise on midwifery. An English translation of it was published in 1612 with the title Childbirth; or, The HappyDelivery of Women.

In 1552, Paré was accepted into royal service of the Valois Dynasty under Henry II; he was however unable to cure the king's fatal blow to the head, which he received during a tournament in 1559. Paré stayed in the service of the Kings of France to the end of his life in 1590, serving Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III.

According to Henri IV's chief minister Sully, Paré was a Huguenot and on 24 August 1572, the day of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Paré's life was saved when King Charles IX locked him in a clothes closet. He died in Paris on 20 December 1590 from natural causes in his 80th year, and is buried at the church of Saint André-des-Arts. While there is evidence that Paré may have been sympathetic to the Huguenot cause, he seems to have kept appearances of being Catholic to avoid danger: he was twice married, was buried, and had his children baptized into the Catholic faith.

A collection of Paré's works (he published these separately throughout his life, based on his experiences treating soldiers on the battlefield) was published at Paris in 1575. They were frequently reprinted, several editions appeared in German and Dutch, and among the English translations was that of Thomas Johnson (1634).

· BEZOAR STONE EXPERIMENT:-

In 1567, Ambroise Paré described an experiment to test the properties of bezoar stones. At the time, the stones were commonly believed to be able to cure the effects of any poison, but Paré believed this to be impossible. It happened that a cook at Paré's court was caught stealing fine silver cutlery, and was condemned to be hanged. The cook agreed to be poisoned, on the conditions that he would be given a bezoar straight after the poison and go free in case he survived. The stone did not cure him, and he died in agony seven hours after being poisoned. Thus Paré had proved that bezoars could not cure all poisons.

· HONOURS:-

Asteroid Paré, discovered by French amateur astronomer Bernard Christopher in 2003, was named in his memory.

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