8. Radio.. 10. Contactlenses.

8. Radio.

The invention of the ………was a great achievement in terms of communication between two positions. The inventors of the telephone and telegraph had already introduced the technology of wire-to-wire communication. Thus, the inventor of …….. based his idea heavily on the technology that existed in the telephone and telegraph.

This invention was no immediate, but staggered over a number of years. The discovery of …….. waves actually provided the platform for this invention. ……… waves are electromagnetic waves that can carry information in the form of pictures, sound and other details. Therefore, the ……… was based on a number of scientific findings.

In the 1800's, a physicist from Scotland had predicted ………. waves. A German physicist then proved this theory by showing that ……… waves are the same as light or heat waves. This allowed wireless technology to launch.

Nicola Tesla, a Serbian Scientist, designed the first ……… in 1892.

Sir Oliver Lodge brought considerable improvement to the original design. He is the first person to transmit a successful ……… signal.

The invention of the ……… is obviously a great milestone. It has enabled the news to be transmitted on a very broad basis. The way the news was conveyed on the ……… was completely different from the conventional method of print in the daily newspaper.

The invention of the …….. was a huge step in the field of technology. Since the time it was invented most of us have forgotten how useful a ………. can prove to be even in the present world where computers and laptops have dominated.

coherer, n когерер an early form of radio detector consisting of a glass tube loosely filled with metal filings whose bulk electrical resistance decreased in the presence of radio waves

9. x-ray.

Try to imagine how different life would be without modern medical technology. In 1895, the invention of the ……… created an amazing step forward in the history of medicine. For the first time ever, the inner workings of the body could be made visible without having to cut into the flesh.

Wilhelm Roentgen, Professor of Physics in Worzburg, Bavaria, was the first person to discover the possibility of using electromagnetic radiation to create what we now know as the ………. The first image Roentgen ever created was an image of his wife's hand - you can see her wedding ring.

Roentgen was exploring the path of electrical ………. passing from an induction coil through a partially evacuated glass tube. Although the tube was covered in black paper and the room was completely dark, he noticed that a screen covered in fluorescent material was illuminated by the …….. . He later realised that a number of objects could be penetrated by these ………. He later used a photographic plate instead of a screen, and an image was captured. In this way an extraordinary discovery had been made: that the internal structures of the body could be made visible without the necessity of surgery.

By 1896 an ………. department had been set up at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, one of the first radiology departments in the world. In the same year Dr Hall-Edwards became one of the first people to use an ……… to make a diagnosis - he discovered a needle embedded in a woman's hand. In the first twenty years following Roentgen's discovery, ……… were used to treat soldiers fighting in WWI, finding bone fractures and imbedded bullets. Much excitement surrounded the new technology, and ……. machines started to appear as a marvellous curiosity in theatrical shows.

It was eventually recognised that frequent exposure to ……. could be harmful, and today special measures are taken to protect the patient and doctor. By the early 1900s the damaging qualities of ……. were shown to be very powerful in fighting cancers and skin diseases.

coil, n (электромагнитная) катушка, спираль

10. Contactlenses.

Though …………. seem to be a recent phenomenon, the famous Italian architect, mathematician and inventor Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) produced the first known sketches (in 1508) that suggested the optics of the human eye could be altered by placing the eye directly in contact with water.

But it's true that when ………. were invented for real came much later. Many believe da Vinci's ideas eventually led to the development of ………… more than 350 years afterward.

In 1827, English astronomer Sir John Herschel proposed the idea of making a mold of a person's eyes. Such molds would enable the production of corrective ……….. that could adapt to the front surface of the eye. But it was more than 50 years later that someone actually produced such ………., and there is some controversy about who did it first. Some reports say German glassblower F. A. Muller used Herschel's ideas to create the first known glass ………….. in 1887. Other reports say Swiss physician Adolf E. Fick and Parisian optician EdouardKalt created and fitted the first glass …………. to correct vision problems in 1888. Early glass …………… were heavy and covered the entire front surface of the eye. Because these large ……. severely reduced the oxygen supply to the eye, they could be tolerated for only a few hours of wear and failed to gain widespread acceptance.

In 1948, California optician Kevin Tuohy (1919-1968) introduced the first ……. that resembled modern ……… of today.

Perhaps the biggest event in the history of …….. was the invention of the first hydrophilic (" water-loving" ) hydrogel soft ……. material by Czech chemists Otto Wichterle and Drahoslav Lim in 1959. Wichterle and Lim's discovery led to the 1971 launch of the first FDA-approved soft ……. in the United States — Bausch + Lomb's ……….

Because of their greater comfort, soft …….. soon became popular and now millions of people can’t imagine their lives without them.

mold, n форма, лекало; шаблон

glassblower, n стеклодув

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