THE GARUDA PURANA 19 страница

18. A student observing Brahmacarya shall take varieties of food if there is no risk. At the time of a Sraddha, a brahmin can eat as he pleases but without prejudice to his Vrata.

19. He shall avoid wine and meat and steam cooked food, etc.

He is called a preceptor who makes him do all rites and teaches him Veda.

20. He is Acarya who initiates him with the investiture of sacred thread. He who teaches a portion of Vedas is Upadhyaya. The performer of sacrifice is called Rtvik.

2 1. All these people are to be honoured duly. One’s own mother is superior to all these. For each Veda, the duration of study is for five or twelve years.

22-23. Some hold that the study shall continue till full comprehension. The KeSanta (cutting off hair) is at sixteen. The time limit for the investiture with the sacred thread is sixteen years for brahmins, twentytwo for Ksatriyas and twentyfour for VaiSyas. If it is not performed during this period they become deprived of all virtues. The persons who become degraded by non-observance of Savitri are called Vratyas. Sacrifices are to be performed without including the Vratyas.

24. The first three castes are called Dvijas ( twice born) because after the first birth from mother they are born again with the sacred girdle girting round their body.

25. Vedas alone are indispensable for sacrifices, penances and sacred rites. They are conducive to the highest salvation.

26-27. The twice-born shall propitiate the deities with honey and milk and the manes with honey and ghee. Every day, the twiceborn shall recite the fk mantras, yajus, saman and atharvangiras mantras. With ghee and holy water he shall propitiate the manes and the deities.

28-29. The reciters shall not decry the Vedic passages or Puranas. Those who read and study the Vedas and epics every day according to capacity and propitiate the deities and manes shall be blessed with all desired objects when they are satisfied.

30. The regular study of different portions in the Vedas dealing with the diverse sacrifices shall bless him with the fruits thereof. The twice-born will reap the fruits of gifts of land and penances by study alone.

31-32. The Naisthika (life-long) Brahmacarin shall remain by the side of the preceptor or in his absence, of his son, wife or the sacrificial fire. He shall control his sense organs and lead a pure life finally attaining Brahmaloka never to be born again.

CHAPTER NINETYFIVE.

Teachings of Tdjhavalkya.

Tdjhavalkya said:

1-3. O sages, listen to the various duties of the householder. After giving fees to the preceptor and taking the ritualistic bath with his permission and concluding his student stage he shall marry a girl endowed with good characteristics She shall be a virgin, younger in age, not sickly, having brothers not of the same r§i, lineage or Gotra 1, beyond the fifth remove on the mother’s side, and the seventh remove on the father’s and hence asapinda (unrelated).

4. A brahmin bridegroom must belong to the reputed ninety families of great Vedic Scholars or their own relation, a scholar without defects.

5. I do not approve of a brahmin’s marriage with a Sudra girl, for virtually he is born again of her (when he begets a son).

6. A brahmin can marry a girl belonging to any of the first three castes; a ksatriya can marry a girl belonging to two castes and a vaiiya only one, a £ udra girl shall never be married by any of these. J. Generally the Hindus trace their descent io a common male ancestor.

Such a descent is called gotra. The prominent gotras were eight but they multiplied later on. “ Gotra occurs several times in the Rgveda in the account of the mythic exploits of Indra. Roth interprets the word as cowstair, while Geldner thinks that ‘herd is meant. The latter sense seems to explain best the employment which the term shows in the later literature as denoting the ^family or ‘clan’, and which is found in th Chandogya Upanisad. In the Grhya Sutras stress is laid on the prohibition of marriage within a Gotra, or with a Sa bifida of the mother of the bridegroom — that is to say, roughly, with agnatc& and cognates. ” (VlftfS, p. 235-6).

7. There are many types of marriages among them; the Brahma type is that in which the bridegroom is invited and a girl bedecked according to capacity is given in marriage.

A son born of that girl sanctifies twentyone generations on either side.

8. The Daiva type of marriage is that in which the Rtvik in a sacrifice is chosen as the bridegroom. A son born of that wedlock sanctifies fourteen generations. If two cows aie taken along with the bride the type of marriage is Arsa, the son bom of that wedlock sanctifies six generations.

9. A marriage in which the advice, “both of you carry on your sacred duties together” is given, is called Sakama (with love) marriage. A son born of that wedlock sanctifies six generations including himself.

10. In the Asura form of marriage, money is taken; in the Gandharva marriage, mutual love and consent is the criterion; in theRaksasa marriage, the bride is taken forcibly after a fight and in the Pataca marriage, the girl is duped and married.

11. The first four types of marriage are recommended for brahmins; the Gandharva and the Raksasa type for kings; the Asura type for vaiiyas and the despicable last type for the sudras.

12. If a brahmin marries a brahmin girl, the hands are clasped together; if a ksatriya girl, she catches hold of an arrow the other end of which is held by the bridegroom; the vaiSya girl holds a goad.

13. The father, the grandfather, brother, a kinsman or the mother gives away the girl in marriage: the latter in case the former is not available.

14. A father not giving a daughter in marriage, incurs the sin of Bhrunahatya ( murder of the foetus ) at every menstrual period. If no one gives her away in marriage, the girl is at liberty to choose her own lover.

15. A girl can be given in marriage only once; a person who abducts a girl should be punished like a thief; if an unsullied girl is forsaken he should be punished. A fallen girl should be forsaken at once.

16-17. For producing a son and a heir in the family the brother-in-law or a cousin or a person of the same clan can have intercourse with an issueless widow till she conceives.

If he touches her after that he becomes degraded. The son born thus is the legitimate son of the deceased husband.

18. A wife found guilty of adultery shall be compelled to wear dirty garments, shall be given only a single morsel daily, shall be rebuked and forced to lie on the bare ground.

19. The moon god has blessed women with purity;

Gandharva has blessed them with sweet speech. Fire is always pure and women are always pure.

20. If a woman subjects herself to abortion, except in the case of adultery and for purposes of expiation, she becomes guilty of two great sins the murder of the foetus and the murder of her husband.

21. A wife addicted to wine, suffering from incurable diseases or inimically inclined can be forsaken. A wife of sweet speech should be maintained. Otherwise, O sages, great sin will result.

22-23. If there is no discord or dispute between the husband and wife, virtue, love and wealth flourish there. If the wife survives the husband but remains unmarried, she is praised in the world. After death she becomes delighted with goddess Um&. If a man divorces a chaste virtuous woman he shall give her a third of her ornaments back.

24-26. The highest duty of a woman is to carry out the behests of her husband. Sixteen nights subsequent to the monthly menstrual flow are the nights of rut for women. The husband shall restrain himself during the pai van (full moonnew moon days) when the stars magha and Mula are ascendant and on the first four nights. Thereafter, on even nights, he can have intercourse with her. Thereby, he will be able to beget a healthy son of auspicious traits. If the woman is in a mood to receive him on any night he should satisfy her remembering that lust in women is terrible.

27-28. The husband should be loyal to his wife. Since women are to be well protected the husband, his brothers, father, mother or kinsmen should honour her with ornaments, raiments and foodstuffs. The wife should be able to maintain the household with a modicum of requisite things. She should be skilful, pleased with the minimum and reluctant to spend lavishly.

29-31. She should pay respects to her mother-in-law and father-in-law by touching their feet. A woman whose husband is away shall forsake sports, decoration of the body, attending festivities, boisterous laughter, visits to other people’s house. During childhood the father shall protect the girl; during her youth the husband shall do so and during old age the son.

If these are not available, kinsmen shall protect her. Whether during day or during night, a woman shall not stay outside her house without her husband.

32-33. Only the senior wife is entitled to take part in religious rites not the junior ones. If the wife had been of good conduct she should be cremated duly by the husband with Agnihotra rites. He can remarry duly for the preservation of Agnihotra. A woman who had been dutiful shall earn good name here and repair to heaven after death.

CHAPTER NINETYSIX.

Teachings of Yajhavalkya.

Tajhavalkya said:

1-5. I shall enumerate the mixed castes and also the duties of the householders. A brahmin father and a ksatriya mother beget a Murdhabhisikta. Similarly Brahmin father + VaiSya mother > Ambastha,, > Nisada, Parvata + Sudra

Ksatriya father + Vaisya „ >, + Sudra VaiSya father + Sudra Ksatriya „ + Brahmin VaiSya „

Sudra,, > Mahisya > Mleccha > Karana > Suta > Vaidehaka > Candala (Lowliest of all)

Vaisya Father + Ksatriya Mother > Magadha Sadra „ +,, „ > Ksattr Sudra,, + Vaisya,, > Ayogava Mahisya „ + Karani „ > Rathakara 6-7. These mixed castes are unprivileged ones whether Anulomaja (higher caste father and lower caste mother) or Pratilomaja (higher caste mother and lower caste father). On account of the intrinsic loftiness, they will have the rights of their original caste in the seventh generation if the duty has undergone change or in the fifth generation if the duty is the same.

A householder shall perform everyday the rites according to the Smrtis in the fire first lighted on the occasion of marriage.

8-9. All rites laid down in the Vedas, except that of charitable gifts, shall also be performed in the marital fire.

After answering the calls of nature and observing the requisite toilet and washing the teeth he should perform Sandhya in the morning. After the fire sacrifice he should recite the Surya mantras with due faith.

10. He should understand the meaning of Vedic passages and the various Sastras. He should go to the temple of God for the acquisition and preset vation of his desired objects.

11-13. After taking bath he should perform Tarpana and worship the gods and the manes. According to capacity he shall read Vedas, Puranas and Itihasas. In order to achieve the full result of Japas and Yajnas (sacrifice) spiritual Vidya shall be practised. Oblations, Svadhahoma, study of Vedas and reception of guests should be duly observed. The great sacrifices for ghosts, manes, Brahman and human beings shall be duly performed.

14. For Can^alas and crows, cooked rice should be strewn on the ground. Cooked rice should be offered with water every day to the manes and human beings.

15-16. Vedic study shall be invariably pursued every day. Food shall not be cooked for one’s own use exclusively.

All children, elderly people, pregnant women, invalids, girls shall be fed duly and thereafter guests should be fed. Then the couple should partake of what is left over. With Pranagnihoma ^ritualistic taking in of a few grains) he should take his meal without finding fault with the food served.

17. Only after feeding the boys should he take in moderate quantities wholesome food after due digestion. The earlier part of the meal and the later one should be taken after drinking water.

18. The food should be taken in relishingly in a covered place. Charity should be given according to capacity to the guests and to people of all castes.

19. No such thought shall be entertained as “This guest is not worthy of bowing to”, “This is the same as that one” with regard to guests. Even by reducing other expenses, alms should be given to mendicants and persons of good rites.

20-21. Whoever happens to come should be fed. A great bull should be consecrated and a Vedic scholar shall be fed thereby once in a year, Snatakas ( those who perform ritualistic ablutions aftei sacrifices) preceptors, kings, friends, boys eligible for marriage, persons in anguish — all these shall be honoured and respected. All wayfarers are guests. A Srotriya is a person who has mastered the Vedas.

22. These two (the guest and Vedic Scholar) should be honoured if a householder wishes to attain Brahmaloka. A householder shall never yearn for another man’s food unless invited and unless it is what is not censurable.

23. He shall avoid the misuse of speech, hands and feet and over-eating. W r hen the guest and the Vedic Scholar are fully satiated he shall accompany them up to the boundary of the village.

24-25. The remaining part of the day he shall spend in the company of good men, friends and relations. After performing the evening prayer, offering of ghee in the file, etc., he should take food. Consulting the learned he should decide what is to be done for his own progress. He must get up in the Brahma nuihurta (before sunrise). A brahmin should be honoured with money, gifts, etc.

26-27. To the aged, grief-stricken and burden-bearers he should be a support leading the way. The common ditties of the twice-born, the brahmins, vaisyas and ksatriyas are sacrifice, study of the Vedas, charity, etc. The additional duties of a brahmin are acceptance of fees, presiding over sacrifices and teaching of the Vedas. The special duties of a ksatriya are the administration of kingdom and the protection of the people.

28. Usury, agriculture, trading and cattle-breeding are the duties of a vaisya. The duties of a Sudra are service to the twice- born. A twice-born shall never neglect sacrifice.

29. The common qualities of the castes for the preservation of virtue constitute non-violence, truthfulness, nonstealing, purity, control of sense-organs, control of the mind, patience, straightforwardness, liberal-mindedness, equality and activities devoid of crookedness or deceit (roguery).

30. Those who have food-grains in stock lasting for more than three years can perform the Soma sacrifice and drink the Soma juice. Those who have in stock food-grains lasting for a year shall perform the preliminary rites of Soma sacrifice.

31. Every year, he shall perform the rites of Soma Sacrifice as well as Pasupratyayana, Grahanesp and Caturmasya 1 rites carefully.

32. If these rites are not possible, the twice-born shall perform the sacrifice Vaiivanarl. No sacrifice shall be performed with deficiency in the materials used. If the full complement of the materials are duly used, the sacrifice becomes fruitful.

33. If a sacrifice is performed utilising the money begged of a & udra, the sacrificer becomes a Candela. A person pilfering articles gathered for a sacrifice becomes a crow or a vulture.

34. A person sustaining himself by gleaning rice grains has a better spiritual life than the one with a day’s supply. He in turn is better than one with three days’ supply. He is still better than one with a pot, full of grain who is himself better than one with a granary under his command.

35. A brahmin never craves for wealth that would interfere with his daily study of the Vedas. He should not seek it from any and every place. If he is terribly harassed by hunger he can seek money from a king, his pupil or a person of his clan. He should not earn by resorting to haughtiness, hypocrisy or cunning.

1. Name of the three sacrifices, viz., Vaitvadeva, Varwtapraghdsa and S& kamtdha, performed in the beginning of the three seasons of four months each. p. 422).

36. A householder should preferably wear a white cloth. Hair, moustache and nails shall be kept always clean.

He should not take food unless supervised by his wife.

37. He should never speak unpleasant words. He should always be humble with the sacred thread on. While going round the idols in a temple he should hold the holy staff and water pot.

38. He should never pass urine in riverbeds, shady groves, ashes, cowsheds, running water, facing fire, sun, moon, cows, water, women and brahmins, or at the evening hours.

39. He should never gaze at fire, sun, a nude woman, a woman engaged in the sexual act, wine, faeces, etc. He should never sleep with his head to the west.

40. He should never spit in water nor pour blood, urine, faeces or poison in water. Feet should not be shown to fire for warming, nor should be jump across fire.

41. He should not drink water off his cupped palms nor should be waken up a sleeping person. He should not gamble with dishonest gamblers nor should he share the bed with a sick person.

42. All adverse activities should be eschewed. So also the smoke from a funeral pyre, river binks, che burning hair and husk and its ashes. He should never sit on a broken jar.

43. He should never pull a suckling cow, never enter a place except by the proper door. He should never accept bees from a miserly king decrying scriptures.

44-45. The annual Upakarma rite (Revising of Vedic study and expiatory rites) should be performed on the full moon day in the month of Sravana, on Hasta asterism or fifth day of the bright fortnight, or on Rohinf asterism in the month of Pausa or on A§faka (7th, 8th or 9th) days. The Utsarga rite should be duly performed outside near a place where there is natural water.

46. (There are thirty seven Anadhyaya days (Holidays for Vedic Study) when any one of these — a disciple, a preceptor, a kinsman or a Rtvik dies three day are Anadhyaya, so also after the Upakarma and Utsarga rites, when a Vedic scholar of one’s own branch of Veda dies.

47. At the Sandhya hours, when thunder rumbles, when there is an earthquake, fall of a comet or a meteor, Vedic recital should be stopped and Aranyaka portion is read.

48. The eighth, fourteenth and fifteenth days of the lunar half month, the eclipse days, the junctions of Rtus (seasons) and after taking a meal or accepting fees in a Sraddha, 49. When any animal — frog, mungoose, dog, snake, cat or pig walks between the teacher and the pupil, when the owl falls or flies up (Anadhyaya for the day).

50. When the sound of the barking dogs, howling jackals, braying asses, hooting owls, crying children or groaning sick patients is heard (Vedic Study is stopped). Where there is excreta, dead body or a Sudra nearby or cremation ground or a fallen sinner (cessation of Vedic study).

51. In an unclean place, on the highway, when there is thunder and lightning, when the man is having the hand still wet after taking meals, in the middle of two watery places, in the middle of the night or when there is a sandstorm (Anadhyaya ).

52. When the quarters burn (when the sun blazes), when dust is raised during snowfall, when the preceptor is running, when there is foul smell of something rotting, when a “very important person” visits the house, 53. When mounting a mule, camel, cart, elephant, horse, boat, tree or a hill. These are the thirty seven Anadhyayas or cessation of Vedic Study for special reasons for the nonce.

54. What is prohibited by the Vedas should not be performed. The preceptor’s or king’s shadow shall not be treaded on. Another man’s wife should not be transgressed.

Blood, faeces, urine, spit or vomited matter, etc. should not be treaded on.

55. Brahmins Serpents, Ksatriyas and the Atman should never be slighted. Leavings of food partaken, excreta, etc.

should " be kept far even from the extremity of the foot.

56. The acts enjoined by Vedas and Sm^tis should be performed in faith. No one should be hit in vulnerable parts.

No one should be censured or beaten. Only a son and a disciple can be beaten.

57. All virtues should be practised; nothing contrary to them. A householder should never have verbal disputes with his mother, father or a guest.

58. Without offering the five pintfas he shall not take bath in another man’s pond or well. A bath is better taken in a river, fountains and natural puddles and eddies.

59. The use of another man’s bed and personal belongings should be avoided. Unless there is danger to life, food offered by a miser, enemy or a man without sacred fire should be refused.

60-64. Food offered by these people should never be eaten: — a bamboo-worker, a calumniated person, a person practising usury, a person acting as priest of prostitutes and their flock, physicians to the low class people, eunuchs, professional stagers of plays, cruel, fierce, fallen Vratyas, haughty people, persons partaking of other people’s leavings after food, persons who misuse sacred texts, henpecked husbands, village priests, wicked kings, washermen, ungrateful, hangsmen, liars, backbiters, wine-merchants, bards, goldsmiths, etc. Meat should not be taken without consecration. Food mixed with hair or germs should not be taken. Food cooked more than twelve hours before, partaken by another, sniffed at by a dog, sprinkled over by a sinner, touched by a woman in her monthlycourse, squeezed or kneaded by others should be avoided.

Insufficient food should also be avoided [or unlimited quantity of food should also be avoided]. Similarly, food sniffed at by a cow or a bird or trampled by anyone should be avoided.

65. Among Sudras, these persons can serve food: —

Dasas 1, Gopalas 2, Kulamitras, Ardhaslrins, Napita 3 and one who has dedicated himself to the task.

66. Food cooked a day before can be taken if it has been seasoned with oil or ghee. No food prepared with wheat or barley should be taken after the lapse of a day unless it is fried in oil or ghee.

1. Perhaps a fisherman.

2. A cowherd.

3. A barber.

67. Milk of a camel, a single-hoofed animal (such as mare) and that of women should be avoided. The flesh of carnivorous animals, birds, Datyuha (gallinule), and parrots should be avoided.

68-71. After eating Sarasas, single-hoofed animal’s flesh, swans, cranes, storks, swallows, unconsecrated Krsaras, Samyavas, Payasas [all puddings], Apupas, Saskulis (fried macaronis) 1 the flesh ofKurara Jalapada, Khaftjarifa, Casa (Jay) and other birds, fish, red-footed animals, the man should atone for the sin by fasting three days.

72. By eating garlic and onion one becomes sinful and as atonement one should perform C& ndr& yana. If one takes meat after worshipping deities and manes in Sraddha one does not acquire sin.

73, If one kills animals otherwise (and eats their flesh)

he will fall into hell and remain there for as many days as there are hairs on that animal. Eschewing flesh a devotee attains God Hari after due prayer.

CHAPTER NINETYSEVEN.

Teachings of Ydjhavalkya.

Y& jiiavalkya said:

1. O good Sirs, I shall now expound the process of cleaning articles. Articles such as gold, silver, pearls, SaAkha, ropes, leather (? ) seats (wooden) and vessels are cleaned with water.

2-3. The purification of sacrificial ladles is by hot water; that of grains by mere sprinkling; that of wooden and horn articles by paring and that of sacrificial vessel by scrubbing. Woollen or silken stufT is purified by a mixture of fresh cow’s urine and hot water. Articles received as alms become pure when the mendicant sees his wife’s face. A mud pot becomes pure by keeping it over fire.

4. If food is defiled by a cow sniffing at it or by hair, flies or worms it can be purified by sprinkling holy ashes over it. The ground is purified by sweeping or scrubbing.

5. Vessels made of brass, lead and copper are cleaned by arid solution or tamarind water. Iron and bell metel vessels are cleaned by ashes and water. A vessel not known to be impure is pure.

6. If a vessel is contaminated by faeces it shall be cleaned by clay and water till the bad smell and stickiness are removed. Natural water gladly drunk by cows is pure.

7. A piece of flesh dropped down by a dog, a candala or a carnivorous animal is naturally pure. The sun’s rays, fire, the shadow of a goat or a cow, the ground — all these are naturally pure.

8-10. The foam and froth of horses and goats are pure, their dung is also pure. After bath or a drink, after sneezing, sleep, taking food, traversing a street, and changing clothes one should perform Acamana twice. After sneezing, spitting, sleeping, shedding tears or changing clothes, if he does not perform Acamana he should touch his right ear. Gods of Fire, etc. stay in the right ear of a brahmin.

CHAPTER NINETYEIGHT.

Teachings of T& jHavalkya.

TdjUavalkya said:

1-2. I shall now expound the process of making gifts.

Please listen, O noble sirs of excellent rites. Brahmins are superior to others and those who regularly observe rituals are still better. The person who has realised Brahman is superior to them. Know him to be the deserving person as he is endowed with penance. Cows, plots of land, gold, etc. should be given to deserving persons after duly honouring them.

3. A gift should never be taken by a person devoid of learning and austerity. By taking it he degrades the giver as well as himself.

4. Every day, gifts should be given to deserving persons particularly on festive or special occasions; when request is made, a gift should be given with reverence and according to one’s ability.

5. A milch cow with its horns cased in gold, hoofs in silver, should be given along with clothes, a bell-metal vessel and sufficient money.

6. Each horn is to be cased in a pala weight of gold;

and each of the hoofs in seven pala weights of silver; the bell-metal vessel should be fifty palas in weight. The details of the calf are as mentioned before.

7. The calf may be a bull or a cow-calf. It should be given with a gold or silver vessel. The calf should be that of the cow itself and free from sickness.

8. The giver remains in heaven for as many years as there are hairs on the body of that cow. If the cow is tawny, it enables his seven generations to cross hell.

9. A cow in the act of delivery with two feet and the face of the calf protruding from the vagina is on a par with Earth.

10. A person who gives a cow free from sickness whether yielding milk or not, with or without the articles, should be honoured in heaven.

11. The massaging of the feet of a weary wayfarer, nursing a sick person, worship of god, washing the feet of brahmins, and scrubbing the place where brahmins have taken food — all these are on a par with the gift of a cow.

12. By giving a brahmin what he desires one attains heaven. By giving grounds, lamps, food, raiments and butter one attains prosperity.

13. By giving hou«e, -grains, umbrella, necklace, trees, carts, blitter, cool water, bed, and unguents, one is honoured in heaven.

14. The giver of the Vedas (in Manuscript) attains the region of Brahma not accessible even to the gods. Those who transcribe the Vedas with meanings, yajfia gastras, Dharma Sastras, on payment, also, attain the region of Brahma.

15. Since God has created the universe with Vedas as the basis, collection of Vedic texts with bha? yas (commentories) should be done with effort.

16. He who transcribes Itihasas 1 (Epics) or Puranas or makes a gift of them, 17. Attains merit equal to that of gifting Vedic text or even twice the fruit.

18. A twice-born shall never listen to materialistic discourses, false arguments, speeches in prakrit 2 3 or foreign 8 tongues, since these degrade him.

19. A deserving person who desists from accepting gifts attains the world of the giver of gifts. An offering of Kusa grass, water, vegetables, milk and fragrant unguents shall never be refused.

20. For the propitiation of gods or guests or the manes whatever one gets without solicitation should be accepted even from a man of evil deeds except a prostitute, an impotent person, a fallen man or an enemy.

CHAPTER NINETYNINE.

Teachings of Tdjhavalkya.

Ydjhavalkya said:

1-2. I shall expound Sraddha, the performance of which removes sins. The opportune time for Sraddha is any of the following: — The New moon day, A§(aka days (7th, 8th, 9th days in P^u$a, Magha and Phalguna) any special prosperous occasion of windfall, the Pretapaksa (dark half of Bh& drapada) the two Sa& kranti days (when the sun transits to capricorn and cancer)

when one has sufficient wealth, when deserving brahmins are available, the equinoxes, the Vyatipata (deviation of planets), GajacchayS, (thirteenth day in the dark half combined with Magha star), solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, and a desire to perform Sraddha.

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