Ex. 1. Перевести текст письменно.

FROM THE HISTORY OF BREAD

There are no records of when or where bread originated. It is certain, however, that the known history of bread is longer than the history of any other food; and that the history of bread runs parallel with the known history of man.

Although the history of bread is nearly as old as the history of mankind, the basic formulation¹ has changed little. The history of bread is actually the history of the baking oven, and of the raw materials used in the preparation of bread - mainly the flour and leaven².

In very early times grain was pounded³ and consumed as a watery paste⁴. During the Stone Age grain was crushed between stones and gave a crude flour⁵ which was mixed to dough with water, shaped to a round, flat cake⁶ and then cooked on a large flat stone over a fire. As you may imagine the result rather hard bread - was very different from the loaf we know today. The next step was baking of fermented dough⁷. An old story says that a forgetful⁸ young Egyptian⁹ left¹⁰ some uncooked dough sitting for some time before he remembered it, and during this time the dough fermented. This caused the dough to rise, and then it was made into loaves. After baking the loaves, our young Egyptian baker found he had produced the first light textured risen bread¹¹.

Слова:

1. formulation - рецептура

2. leaven - закваска

3. grain was pounded - зерно толкли

4. watery paste - сдобное тесто

5. a crude flour - грубая, непросеянная мука

6. flat cake - плоская лепешка

7. fermented dough - сброженное тесто

8. forgetful - забывчивый

9. Egyptian - египтянин

10. to leave (left, left) - оставлять

11. light textured risen bread - легкий, пышный хлеб

12 Следующая ⇒