English as a global language

Пассивный (страдательный) залог

Сравните два предложения:

Не wrote this letter last week. — активный залог; в роли подлежащего — субъект, который произвел действие.

The letter was written (by him) last week. — пассивный (страдательный) залог; в роли подлежащего — объект, над которым было произведено действие.

Пассивный залог употребляется, когда неизвестно или неважно, кто произвел действие. Если же это необходимо подчеркнуть, употребляется предлог by:

'Hamlet' was written by Shakespeare.

Формы пассивного залога образуются по схеме: to be + V3, где to be выступает в роли помощника и ставится в нужную форму (изменяемая часть); V3 (смысловой глагол) всегда стоит в третьей форме (неизменяемая часть).

Для образования вопросов первый из глаголов-помощников ставится перед подлежащим (см. Таблицу). В отрицательных предложениях not ставится после первого глагола- помощника

ВНИМАНИЕ! Обращайте внимание на то, является ли подлежащее одушевленным или неодушевленным. Если подлежащее неодушевленное, скорее всего это объект, над которым производится действие, и нужна форма глагола в пассивном залоге.

Tense	Present	Past	Future
Simple	am/is/are + V3 Letters are written every week.	was/were + V3 The letters were written last week.	will be + V3 The letter will be written next week.

1. Выберите в скобках правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.

1. Exams (are/were/will be) taken every June.

2. The shop (is/was/will be) opened next month.

3. My father (is/was/will be) invited to school last Tuesday.

4. Bread (is/was/will be) made from flour.

5. Moscow (is/was/will be) built in 1147.

6. In Europe Christmas (is/was/will be) celebrated on the 25th of December.

7. Our car (is/was/will be) bought three years ago.

8. The poem (is/was/will be) learnt by heart next week.

9. The rooms (are/were/will be) tidied twice a week.

10. All the continents (are/were/will be) washed by the great oceans.

2. Измените форму залога в предложениях по образцу. Начинайте предложения с выделенных курсивом слов.

Somebody switched off the light. - The light was switched off by somebody.

They discuss this problem every day. This problem is discussed by them every day.

1. Nobody asked him to sit down.

2. Somebody played a trick on her..

3. They told me to wait outside.

4. Nobody invited her to the party.

5. My husband drove us to the airport.

6. Nobody sends us any letters.

7. Did anybody call the teacher up?

8. Does anything distress you during the examination?

9. We collect lime flowers to dry and make tea from them.

10. Nobody takes this book without permission.

3. Употребите нужную форму глагола в активном или пассивном залоге.

1. I______ never (forget) your kind words.

2. These wonderful pictures__________ (take) by my friend last year.

3. The worst documentary film___________ (show) in our club a week ago.

4. We______ (find) this article in today's newspaper very interesting.

5. The ruins of this ancient town___________ (discover) in 1966.

6. Almost everybody__________ (want) a good bike for their next birthday.

7. I______ always (remember) our first meeting in the Crimea.

8. Somebody________ (see) by a watchman near your house at midnight.

9. I______ often (tell) not to eat too many sweets.

10. The children ___________ (pick up) from school by their father tomorrow.

4. Активный или пассивный залог? Употребите нужную форму глагола в скобках.

English as a global language

English 1)____________ (speak) originally in Britain by the Anglo-Saxons 1500 years ago, but it 2) (differ) a lot from the language we 3) _________ (know) today. In fact, we would have great difficulty understanding Old English now.

Since then, the English language 4)_________(change) a lot and it 5)______(spread) all over the world. It 6)______(speak) as the first language in the UK, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and the Carribean, and it 7)__________(use) as an official language in more than 70 countries. A lot of different forms and varieties of English 8) (use) not only across the world, but even within the British Isles. It 9)__ (teach) as a foreign language in several countries. More and more people 10) (use) English when travelling and doing business abroad. It seems that English is becoming the language of international communication.

5. Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски соответствующими глаголами в действительном или страдательном залоге из приведенного ниже списка.

taught was made came didn't know toured were caused had were told was offered found

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