Конкурсные задания. I Всероссийского конкурса начинающих переводчиков. На грани культур, языков и идей». Compression

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Конкурсные задания

I Всероссийского конкурса начинающих переводчиков

«На грани культур, языков и идей»

Переводчиками не рождаются, а становятся

Английский раздел

Номинация I. «Перевод специального текста»

Задание. Перевести с английского языка на русский язык текст научно-технической тематики

https://engineering.fandom.com/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine

The internal combustion engine is a heat engine in which combustion occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. Combustion of a fuel creates high temperature/pressure gases, which are permitted to expand. The expanding gases are used to directly move a piston, turbine blades, rotor(s), or the engine itself thus doing useful work.

All internal combustion engines depend on the exothermic chemical process of combustion: the reaction of a fuel, typically with air, although other oxidisers such as nitrous oxide may be employed.

The most common fuels in use today are made up of hydrocarbons and are derived from petroleum. These include the fuels known as diesel, gasoline and liquified petroleum gas. Most internal combustion engines designed for gasoline can run on natural gas or liquified petroleum gases without modifications except for the fuel delivery components. Liquid and gaseous biofuels of adequate formulation can also be used.

Compression

The most significant distinction between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs is the use of compression and in particular of in-cylinder compression. The thermodynamic theory of idealized heat engines was established by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in France in 1824. This scientifically established the need for compression to increase the difference between the upper and lower working temperatures, but it is not clear that engine designers were aware of this before compression was already commonly used. In fact it may have mislead designers who attempted to emulate the Carnot cycle in ways that were not useful.

The first recorded suggestion of in-cylinder compression was a patent granted to William Barnet (English) in 1838. He apparently did not realize its advantages, but his cycle would have been a great advance if sufficiently developed.

Otto working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in the 1870s developed a practicalfour-stroke cycle (Otto cycle) engine. The German courts, however, did not hold his patent to cover all in-cylinder compression engines or even the four stroke cycle, and after this decision in-cylinder compression became universal.

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