Ex.3. Learn the verbs most frequently used in new spapers

Unit 1. NATION'S ECONOMY

I. Read and translate the text A. Answer the comprehension questions to the text. Render the text

British Economy

The economy of Great Britain is based primarily on private enterprise. The private sector accounts for 82 per cent of output and 79 per cent of employment. Since 1979 the government has reduced the state-owned sector of industry by about two-thirds under its privatisation programme. It believes that economic decisions are best taken by those competing in the marketplace and that its primary roles are to help keep inflation low, maintain sound public finances and create the right climate for markets to work better. Government programmes provide direct assistance or advice mainly to small and medium-sized businesses. Government economic policies are aimed at raising productivity, increasing employment opportunity for all, providing educational opportunity for all abolishing poverty, delivering public services, and achieving rising prosperity.

In 2002 growth in the UK economy continued. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rose considerably. Recent decades have generally seen the largest growth in the service sector (finance, tourism, shipping and aviation) which now accounts for around two-thirds of GDP, compared with about one-half in 1950. Production of manufactured goods contributes less than one quarter of GDP, compared with over a third in 1950.

Employment has grown over this perig^i at~a high pace. At the moment the economy is seeing the longest period of low inflation since the 1960s.

In 2002 the Government investment rose by 15.4 per cent.

Notes on the Text

... policies are aimed at raising productivity ... - ... политика нацелена на повышение производительности ...

После глагола to aim с предлогом at употребляется герундий.

Recent decades have generally seen ... - В последние десятилетия, в общем, отмечается ...

Глагол to see часто переводится в подобных предложениях русскими глаголами «отмечать,

регистрировать».

Vocabulary List

primarily - главным образом

private enterprise - частное предпринимательство

private sector - частный сектор

account (for) - составлять

reduce - сокращать

state-owned sector - госсектор

under its privatisation programme - в соответствии со своей программой приватизации primary - имеющий первостепенное значение maintain зд. поддерживать

sound public finances - «здоровые» государственные финансы

right - верный, надлежащий, подходящий

direct assistance - непосредственная помощь

small and medium-sized businesses - малый и средний бизнес

economic policy - экономическая политика

aim (at) - нацеливать, направлять

abolish - уничтожать, отменять

poverty - бедность

deliver - поставлять, обеспечивать, снабжать

rising prosperity - растущее благосостояние -

growth - рост

decade - десятилетие

service sector - сектор услуг

shipping - перевозка грузов

compared with - по сравнению с ...

production of manufactured goods-производство готовой продукции

at a high pace - быстрыми темпами investment - инвестиции

Comprehension Questions

1. What is the British economy based on?

2. How does the government see its role in the UK economy?

3. What is the policy pursued (проводимая) by the government aimed at?

4. Did Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rise considerably in 2002?

5. What sector of economy has grown fast over the recent decades?

6. How do figures for manufacturing in 2002 compare with those in 1950?

7. What trend (тенденция) has been registered in employment over this period?

8. Does the Government control inflation?

9. Is Britain attractive to investors?

Exercises

Ex.1. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian words and phrases:

- экономика базируется главным образом на...;

- на частный сектор приходится ... % выпуска продукции; сократить долю государственного сектора в промышленности;

- принимать экономические решения;

- конкурировать на рынке;

- сдерживать инфляцию на низком уровне;

- поддерживать государственные финансы в «здоровом» состоянии;

- создавать необходимый климат;

- оказывать содействие;

- политика направлена на...;

- поднимать производительность;

- уничтожить бедность;

- предоставлять услуги;

- достигнуть благосостояния;

- валовой внутренний продукт вырос;

- рост в секторе услуг;

- по сравнению с;

- высокими темпами;

- инвестиции выросли на... %.

Ex.2. Study the words which describe economic trends and tell us "how much", "how quickly/slowlyⁿ. Make your own sentences with them

1) adverbs - sharply, dramatically, steadily, gradually, substantially, slowly, slightly, suddenly, rapidly, abruptly.

For example:

Costs have risen sharply this quarter;

2) verbs - to go up (down), to grow, to jump, to increase, to rise, to improve, to fall, to drop, to decline, to decrease;

3) prepositions used with % - to, by, at, from ... to^- For example:

- to increase to ... % - увеличиться до ... %;

- to rise from ... % to ... % - вырасти с ... % до ... %;

- to increase by ... % ™ увеличиться на ... %;

- to stand at... % - быть на уровне ... %.

Ex.3. Learn the verbs most frequently used in new spapers

believe, suppose, presume, predict - полагать, предполагать appear, turn out, prove - оказываться

estimate, calculate, count - подсчитывать report, claim, announce - сообщать, объявлять consider - считать, рассматривать expect - ожидать seem - казаться

assume, admit - принимать, допускать recognise - признавать, узнавать deny - отрицать say (said, said) - говорить know (knew, known) - знать find (found, found) - находить think (thought, thought) - думать show (showed, shown) - показывать

II. Read and translate the text В

Economy of the USA

The United States of America is a highly developed industrialized country. Shipbuilding, electronics, automobile industry, aircraft industry, space research are highly developed in the States.

Each region of the United States has characteristics of its own due to the differences in climate, landscape and geographical position. ~

Atlantic Coast, Great Lakes, Pennsylvania, New Jersy are biggest industrial regions of the country.

The United States has a lot of mineral deposits or resources such as coal, gold, silver, copper, lead and zink. The south, especially Texas is rich in oil. The coalfields of Pennsylvania are rich in coal. There are plenty of coal mines.

Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska is the richest farming region of America and it is known as the Corn Belt. The land is fertile and well watered. They grow mostly corn and wheat there. Much livestock is also raised here.

There is a lot of fruit raising area. For example, California oranges, grapefruit, lemons, as well as other fruits, wines and vegetables are shipped all over the States and to other parts of the world. The most important crops grown in the States are also tobacco, soy-beans, peanuts, grapes and many others.

There are a lot of large and modern cities, but a great proportion of the country consists of open land dotted with farmhouses and small towns. The usual average town, in any part of the United States, has its Main Street with the same types of stores selling the same products. Many American residential areas tend to have a similar look. As to big cities their centres or downtowns look very much alike. Downtown is the cluster of skyscrapers immitations of New York giants.

New York City is the first biggest city of theStates. Its population is more than twelve million people, suburbs included. It is a financial and advertising business centre. It is also a biggest seaport of the Hudson River. Industry of consumer goods is also developed here.

Chicago with a population of more than three and a half million is the second largest city in the USA. It deals in wheat and other grains, cattle meat processing and manufacturing. Other big cities are Huston, an oil refining and NASA space research centre, New Orleans, a cotton industry centre, Los Angeles with Hollywood, Phyladelphia, a shipping commercial centre, Detroit, a world's leading motor car producer and many others.

Vocabulary List

space research - космические исследования due to - вследствие, из-за landscape - ландшафт coast - берег, побережье

mineral deposits/ resources - запасы полезных ископаемых silver - серебро copper - медь

lead - свинец __ ~

to be rich in smth - быть богатым чем-либо plenty of (syn. much, many, a lot of) - много mine - шахта, рудник

to mine - добывать (руду и т.п.)

mining (industry) - добывающая промышленность

pop-corn belt - поп-корн пояс

the Corn Belt - «Кукурузный пояс»

fertile - плодородный, изобильный

to water - снабжать влагой, поливать, орошать

well watered - хорошо орошаемый (естественным путем)

to raise livestock - выращивать домашний скот

vegetable - овощ растительный

to ship - отправлять, отгружать

to dot - усеивать

to be dotted with smth - быть усеянным чем-либо

average - среднее число, средний

to average - выводить, составлять среднее число

to tend - иметь тенденцию, склонность

a similar look - быть похожими друг на друга.

downtown - деловая часть города

to look alike - выглядеть одинаково

cluster - скопление, концентрация

skyscraper - небоскреб

giant - гигант

suburb - пригород

to include - включать

to advertise - рекламировать

advertisement (- ad) - реклама

consumer goods - потребительские товары

to deal in smth - иметь дело с чем-либо, заниматься чем-либо

meat processing - переработка мяса

to process - перерабатывать

process - процесс

oil - нефть; масло (растительное)

to refine - очищать, рафинировать, повышать качество

oil refining centre - нефтеперерабатывающий центр

refinery - очистительный завод

refinement - очищение, рафинирование

NASA (=National Aeronautics and Space Administration) - Национальное управление по аэронавтике и исследованиям космического пространства cotton - хлопок, хлопчатобумажный

Exercises

Ex.1. Translate these sentences and underline the articles:

1. The US have/has a lot of mineral deposits. -

2. The south is rich in oil.

3. Illinois is one of the richest farming regions of America.

4. There is a lot of fruit raising area.

5. California is one of the biggest grapes raising areas.

6. The most important crops grown in the States are tobacco, soybeans, grapes and many others.

Ex.2. Use the correct articles and translate the sentences:

1. There are ... lot of large and modern cities.

2. ... great proportion of... country consists of... open land.

3. ... land is dotted with ... farm houses and small towns.

4. ... usual average town has its Main Street with ... same type of stores.

5. Many residential areas tend to have ... similar look.

6. As to ... big cities their downtowns look very much alike.

Ex.3. Use the nouns in the right form (singular or plural):

1. The population of New York City is more than eight million (people).

2. Chicago with a (population) of more than three and a half million is the second largest (city) in the US.

3. Chicago deals in wheat and other (grain).

4. Other big (city) are Huston, New Orleans, Los Angeles.

5. Huston is an oil refining and NASA space research (centre).

6. By the way, (Englishman) spell the name of the city as Houston.

7. Its (population) is about 1,213,000 (people).

Ex.4. Make a few sentences with the following words:

shipbuilding, a shipbuilding yard car producing, a car producing centre meat processing, a meat processing plant

Ex.5. Form the words: __ -

Example: to process meat - meat processing to refine oil to build machines

to process milk to build bridges

to produce cars to build ships

to raise livestock to grow grains

Ex.6. Translate into Russian paying attention to the words in italics:

fruit raising area

a highly developed industrialized country

an advertising business centre

the second largest city

cattle meat processing

a cotton industry centre

a shipping commercial centre

a flour milling centre

NASA space research centre —--

a world leading motor car producer

Ex.7. Translate into English:

1. Каждый регион США имеет свои специфические черты благодаря различиям в климате, природе и географическом положении.

2. Здесь плодородные и хорошо орошаемые земли.

3. Выращивают в основном кукурузу и пшеницу.

4. Также здесь разводят много скота.

5. Фруктовые сады занимают большие площади.

6. Фрукты и овощи Калифорнии вывозятся в другие штаты и страны.

7. Значительная часть территории - это равнина с большим количеством ферм и маленьких городов.

Ex.8. Match the cities and their main characteristics, and make sentences:

1. Chicago	a. an oil refining and space research centre
2. Detroit	b. the first biggest city of the States
3. New York	c. a cotton industry centre
4. New Orleans	d. the second largest city
5. Huston	e. a shipping commercial centre
6. Philadelphia	f. Hollywood
7. Los Angeles	g. the world's leader in car producing

Ex.9. Complete the sentences:

1. Each region has characteristics ...

2. Shipbuilding ...are highly developed in the USA.

3. The USA is a highly ...

4. ... are the biggest industrial regions in the States.

Ex.10. Sum up what the text says about:

- modern big city and its downtown -

- town and its Main Street

- the Corn Belt

- the state of California

- mineral resources of the country

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