INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Exercise 1. Match the words and expressions in English in the left column with the words and expressions in the right column:

1.	full-fledged member	a.	нераспространение ядерного оружия
2.	extraordinary meeting	b.	ядерная держава
3.	member nations	c.	сближение с Западом
4.	major steps	d.	противоракетная оборона
5.	shift toward the West	e.	государства, состоящие в организации
6.	hedge against the future	f.	строго очерченный круг вопросов
7.	non-proliferation	g.	договор о коллективной безопасности
8.	nuclear arsenals	h.	«управление кризисами»
9.	missile defense	i.	ядерное оружие
10.	collective defense pact	J.	полноправный участник
11.	decades of division and uncertainty	k.	неуверенность по поводу будущего
12.	nuclear power	1.	основные шаги
13.	crisis management	m.	внеочередная встреча
14.	uncertainty in the future	n.	десятилетия разногласий и неуверенности
15.	fixed variety of topics	o.	предосторожности на случай будущей опасности

Exercise 2. Translate the following text into Russian.

NATO formally welcomed Russia as a participant - but not as a full-fledged member. The agreement signed at an extraordinary meeting of the leaders of NATO's member nations, marked another major step in its effort to lock in Moscow's shift toward the West. The accord will for the first time give Moscow a role from the outset in NATO discussions about a fixed variety of topics, including non-proliferation, crisis management, missile defense and counterterrorism. But in an indication that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's members are still not fully convinced that Russia has completely renounced aggression and cast its lot with Europe, Moscow will not be a member of the alliance or be bound by its collective defense pact, in which all members pledge to come to each other's defense if necessary. Nor will Russia have a veto over NATO decisions or a vote in the expansion of its membership, including NATO's plans to invite in new nations - almost all of them once part of the Soviet bloc. The new council does not replace the North Atlantic Council, the body where NATO usually makes its decisions.

The significance of this meeting is difficult to overestimate. The idea of Russia sitting at NATO councils would have been, simply, unthinkable. Two former foes are now joined as partners, overcoming decades of division and uncertainty. Co-operation with the world's second largest nuclear power is more likely to be achieved by welcoming Russia west. Some NATO officials have voiced concern that the new council is not substantive enough for Russia. Meeting with reporters this afternoon, US Secretary of State said that while Russia and the United States were reducing their nuclear arsenals drastically, and co-operating in NATO, each country was maintaining a hedge. " We'll always have a hedge against uncertainty in the future, in our military forces in the nuclear weapons that the United States will continue to retain, " he said. " It's a hedge against the future, because there are other nations that possess nuclear weapons or might come to possess nuclear weapons. "

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian the following phrases:

to come to one's defense...................................................................

to have a veto over smth...................................................................

to have a vote....................................................................................

to join as partners..............................................................................

to maintain a hedge...........................................................................

to possess nuclear weapons...............................................................

to renounce aggression......................................................................

to voice concern...........................................................................................................

Exercise 4 . Substitute the given words and phrases with their Russian equivalents and descriptive phrases:

Глава Соединенных Штатов - обеспечивать безопасность - захват власти - совещание представителей двух стран - министр иностранных дел - вносить вклад - передовые части - канцлер - встреча на высшем уровне - обострение отношений между государствами - внешняя политика - принципы нейтрализма - международный форум - придерживаться достигнутых договоренностей - кабинет министров - видный политический деятель - ограничение гонки вооружений - представители государства - неприкрытая интервенция - система международных отношений - открывать огонь - совершить акт агрессии - обмен личными посланиями - выступить против проводимого курса - заблокировать решение - принимать меры - подписать договор -высший законодательный орган России - список обсуждаемых вопросов - озвучить заявление.

Exercise 5. Translate the following text in the written form:

Серьезные неопределенности, существующие в ходе эволюции новой модели международных отношений, препятствуют утверждению четкой иерархии проблем, которые предстоит решать основным «действующим лицам». Поскольку в вопросе о характере нового мирового порядка до сих пор имеются многочисленные неясности, сложно определить ту повестку дня, вокруг которой и развернется борьба основных центров силы в обозримом будущем. Важные последствия вытекают и из вполне очевидного фактора - безусловного лидерства США на данной стадии развития международных отношений. Соединенные Штаты не скрывают своего стремления добиваться превращения XXI в. в «Американский век», когда весь мир будет обустроен по образу и подобию США, когда американские ценности приобретут универсальный характер. Подобные устремления вступают в явное и весьма жесткое противоречие с набирающим все больший размах процессом плюрализации мирового сообщества. Американское руководство готово всеми способами утверждать свои планы установления нового мирового порядка. В связи с этим возникает вопрос: хватит ли у США ресурсов для того, чтобы, хотя бы в относительной мере, надолго закрепиться на позициях мирового гегемона? А если не хватит, то каким образом это скажется на состоянии системы международных отношений?

Exercise 6. Match the names of the following international organizations with their functions. Translate into Russian:

1. Greenpeace 2. World Council of Chirches 3. International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)

4. International Ice Patrol 5. International Association of Universities 6. International Committee of the Red Cross 7. International Organization for Information and Documentation 8. International Atomic Energy Agency

a.	Organization aimed at locating icebergs in the North Atlantic, following and predicting their drift, and issuing warnings to ships in the vicinity.
b.	Nongovernmental educational organization founded to promote co-operation at the international level among the universities of all countries as well as among other bodies concerned with higher education and research.
c.	Association which is concerned with problems in the organization, storage, retrieval, dissemination, and evaluation of information by both mechanical and electronic means.
d.	Ecumenical organization that works for the unity and renewal of the Christian denominations and offers them a forum in which they may work together in the spirit of tolerance and mutual understanding.
e.	Large nongovernmental organization interested primarily in environmental issues.
f.	Autonomous intergovernmental organization dedicated to increasing the contribution of atomic energy to the world's peace and well-being and ensuring that agency assistance is not used for military purposes.
g.	Organization aimed at promoting the widest possible mutual assistance between all the criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the affiliated countries.
h.	Organization that acts to help all victims of war and internal violence, attempting to ensure the implementation of humanitarian rules and restricting armed violence.

Exercise 7. Find the English equivalents to the following phrases:

Межправительственная организация - проблемы защиты окружающей среды - жертвы войны - ограничение вооруженного насилия -экуменистическая организация - региональная безопасность - наднациональные органы - неправительственная организация - органы исполнительной, законодательной и судебной власти - взаимопомощь -вопросы защиты окружающей среды - решение спорных проблем мирными средствами - медицинское обслуживание высокого уровня - международное сотрудничество - хранение, поиск, распространение и оценка информации.

Exercise 8. Read and translate the information about the international organizations, find the Russian equivalence for their full names and abbreviations.

United Nations (UN)

UN is an international organization established by charter on October 24, 1945, with the purposes of maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations on the principle of equal rights and self-determination, and encouraging international co-operation in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems. The United Nations' headquarters are now located at the UN Building in New York City.

The General Assembly includes representatives of all members of the UN. A nation may send up to five representatives but still has only one vote. Decisions are reached either by majority or by two-thirds vote, depending upon the subject matter. The General Assembly works through the committee system and receives reports from the various councils. It is convened yearly or by special session when necessary.

The Security Council consists of 5 permanent members - United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China - and 10 nonperma-nent members. The council functions continuously and is mainly concerned with the maintenance of international security. The presidency is rotated among members each month. Nonpermanent members are chosen from groups and regions in the most equitable fashion possible. Nine votes (including those of all five permanent members) are sufficient to carry a Security Council decision, but any permanent member may exercise a veto over any substantive proposal. Any state, even if it is not a member of the United Nations, may bring a dispute to which it is a party to the notice of the Security Council.

The Secretariat is the administrative department of the UN, headed by the secretary-general, who functions in a position of political importance and is appointed for a five-year term by both the General Assembly and the Security Council. The Secretariat influences the work of the United Nations to a degree much greater than indicated in the UN Charter.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

UNESCO is a specialised agency of the United Nations created to contribute to world peace by promoting international collaboration in education, science, and culture. The activities of UNESCO are mainly facilitative; the organisation attempts to assist, support, and complement national efforts of member states in the elimination of illiteracy and the extension of free education and seeks to encourage free exchange of ideas and knowledge among peoples and nations of the world by providing clearinghouse and exchange services. The permanent headquarters of UNESCO are in Paris.

World Health Organisation (WHO)

WHO is a specialised agency of the United Nations established to promote international co-operation for improved health conditions. The objective of this organisation is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health which is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The administrative headquarters of WHO are in Geneva.

International Maritime Organisation (IMO)

IMO is a United Nations specialised agency created to provide machinery for co-operation in establishing technical regulations and practices in international shipping, to encourage the adoption of the highest possible standards for maritime safety and for navigation, and to discourage discriminatory and restrictive practices in international trade and unfair practices by shipping concerns. The headquarters of IMO are in London.

International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)

ICAO is an intergovernmental specialised agency associated with the United Nations and dedicated to developing safe and efficient international air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity for every state to operate international airlines. Permanent headquarters of ICAO were established in Montreal.

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

NATO is a security organisation comprised of member states from Western and Central Europe and North America. From the beginning, NATO's primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the western Allies' military response in case the Soviet Union invaded Western Europe in an effort to extend communism there. After the end of the Cold War the NATO adhered more strongly to its original purpose of maintaining international stability in Europe. NATO headquarters are in Brussels.

Organisation of American States (OAS)

OAS was formed to promote economic, military, and cultural cooperation among the independent states of the Western Hemisphere. Its main goals are to prevent any outside state's intervention in the Western Hemisphere and to maintain peace between the various states within the hemisphere. OAS is based in Washington, D. C.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

ASEAN was established to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development and to promote peace and security in the Southeast Asia region. The end of the Cold War allowed the ASEAN nations to exercise greater political latitude in the region. As they began to implement new policies, member nations saw their influence and economies grow. A permanent secretariat resides in Jakarta, Indonesia.

South Pacific Forum

South Pacific Forum was created to provide a forum for heads of government to discuss common issues and problems facing independent and self-governing states of the South Pacific. The Forum is headquartered in Suva, Fiji.