Part Two In A Nutshell 12 страница

So when you are kicked and criticised, remember that it is often done because it gives

the kicker a feeling of importance. It often means that you are accomplishing something

and are worthy of attention. Many people get a sense of savage satisfaction out of

denouncing those who are better educated than they are or more successful. For

example, while I was writing this chapter, I received a letter from a woman denouncing

General William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army. I had given a laudatory broadcast

about General Booth; so this woman wrote me, saying that General Booth had stolen

eight million dollars of the money he had collected to help poor people. The charge, of

course, was absurd. But this woman wasn't looking for truth. She was seeking the mean-

spirited gratification that she got from tearing down someone far above her. I threw her

bitter letter into the wastebasket, and thanked Almighty God that I wasn't married to

her. Her letter didn't tell me anything at all about General Booth, but it did tell me a lot

about her. Schopenhauer had said it years ago: " Vulgar people take huge delight in the

faults and follies of great men. "

One hardly thinks of the president of Yale as a vulgar man; yet a former president of

Yale, Timothy Dwight, apparently took huge delight in denouncing a man who was

running for President of the United States. The president of Yale warned that if this man

were elected President, " we may see our wives and daughters the victims of legal

prostitution, soberly dishonoured, speciously polluted; the outcasts of delicacy and

virtue, the loathing of God and man. "

Sounds almost like a denunciation of Hitler, doesn't it? But it wasn't. It was a

denunciation of Thomas Jefferson. Which Thomas Jefferson? Surely not the immortal

Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, the patron saint of

democracy? Yea, verily, that was the man.

What American do you suppose was denounced as a " hypocrite", " an impostor", and as

" little better than a murderer"?

A newspaper cartoon depicted him on a guillotine, the big knife read to cut off his head.

Crowds jeered at him and hissed him as he rode through the street. Who was he? George

Washington.

But that occurred a long time ago. Maybe human nature has improved since then. Let's

see. Let's take the case of Admiral Peary-the explorer who startled and thrilled the

world by reaching the North Pole with dog sleds on April 6, 1909-a goal that brave men

for centuries had suffered and died to attain. Peary himself almost died from cold and

starvation; and eight of his toes were frozen so hard they had to be cut off. He was so

overwhelmed with disasters that he feared he would go insane. His superior naval

officers in Washington were burned up because Peary was getting so much publicity and

acclaim. So they accused him of collecting money for scientific expeditions and then

" lying around and loafing in the Arctic. " And they probably believed it, because it is

almost impossible not to believe what you want to believe. Their determination to

humiliate and block Peary was so violent that only a direct order from President

McKinley enabled Peary to continued his career in the Arctic.

Would Peary have been denounced if he had had a desk job in the Navy Department in

Washington. No. He wouldn't have been important enough then to have aroused

jealousy.

General Grant had an even worse experience than Admiral Peary. In 1862, General

Grant won the first great decisive victory that the North had enjoyed-a victory that was

achieved in one afternoon, a victory that made Grant a national idol overnight-a victory

that had tremendous repercussions even in far-off Europe-a victory that set church bells

ringing and bonfires blazing from Maine to the banks of the Mississippi. Yet within six

weeks after achieving that great victory, Grant -hero of the North-was arrested and his

army was taken from him. He wept with humiliation and despair.

Why was General U. S. Grant arrested at the flood tide of his victory? Largely because he

had aroused the jealousy and envy of his arrogant superiors.

If we are tempted to be worried about unjust criticism here is Rule 1:

Remember that unjust criticism is often a disguised compliment. Remember that no one

ever kicks a dead dog.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Chapter 21 - Do This-and Criticism Can't Hurt You

I once interviewed Major-General Smedley Butler-old " Gimlet-Eye". Old " Hell-Devil"

Butler! Remember him? The most colourful, swashbuckling general who ever

commanded the United States Marines.

He told me that when he was young, he was desperately eager to be popular, wanted to

make a good impression on everyone. In those days the slightest criticism smarted and

stung. But he confessed that thirty years in the Marines had toughened his hide. " I have

been berated and insulted, " he said, " and denounced as a yellow dog, a snake, and a

skunk. I have been cursed by the experts. I have been called every possible combination

of unprintable cuss words in the English language. Bother me? Huh! When I hear

someone cussing me now, I never turn my head to see who is talking. "

Maybe old " Gimlet-Eye" Butler was too indifferent to criticism; but one thing is sure:

most of us take the little jibes and javelins that are hurled at us far too seriously. I

remember the time, years ago, when a reporter from the New York Sun attended a

demonstration meeting of my adult-education classes and lampooned me and my work.

Was I burned up? I took it as a personal insult. I telephoned Gill Hodges, the Chairman of

the Executive Committee of the Sun, and practically demanded that he print an article

stating the facts-instead of ridicule. I was determined to make the punishment fit the

crime.

I am ashamed now of the way I acted. I realise now that half the people who bought the

paper never saw that article. Half of those who read it regarded it as a source of

innocent merriment. Half of those who gloated over it forgot all about it in a few

weeks.

I realise now that people are not thinking about you and me or caring what is said about

us. They are thinking about themselves-before breakfast, after breakfast, and right on

until ten minutes past midnight. They would be a thousand times more concerned about

a slight headache of their own than they would about the news of your death or mine.

Even if you and I are lied about, ridiculed, double-crossed, knifed in the back, and sold

down the river by one out of every six of our most intimate friends-let's not indulge in

an orgy of self-pity. Instead, let's remind ourselves that that's precisely what happened

to Jesus. One of His twelve most intimate friends turned traitor for a bribe that would

amount, in our modern money, to about nineteen dollars. Another one of His twelve

most intimate friends openly deserted Jesus the moment He got into trouble, and

declared three times that he didn't even know Jesus-and he swore as he said it. One out

of six! That is what happened to Jesus. Why should you and I expect a better score?

I discovered years ago that although I couldn't keep people from criticising me unjustly,

I could do something infinitely more important: I could determine whether I would let

the unjust condemnation disturb me.

Let's be clear about this: I am not advocating ignoring all criticism. Far from it. I am

talking about ignoring only unjust criticism. I once asked Eleanor Roosevelt how she

handled unjust criticism-and Allah knows she's had a lot of it. She probably has more

ardent friends and more violent enemies than any other woman who ever lived in the

White House.

She told me that as a young girl she was almost morbidly shy, afraid of what people

might say. She was so afraid of criticism that one day she asked her aunt, Theodore

Roosevelt's sister for advice. She said: " Auntie Bye, I want to do so-and-so. But I'm afraid

of being criticised. "

Teddy Roosevelt's sister looked her in the eye and said: " Never be bothered by what

people say, as long as you know in your heart you are right. " Eleanor Roosevelt told me

that that bit of advice proved to be her Rock of Gibraltar years later, when she was in

the White House. She told me that the only way we can avoid all criticism is to be like a

Dresden-china figure and stay on a shelf. " Do what you feel in your heart to be right-for

you'll be criticised, anyway. You'll be damned if you do, and damned if you don't. " That

is her advice.

When the late Matthew C. Brush, was president of the American International

Corporation at 40 Wall Street, I asked him if he was ever sensitive to criticism; and he

replied: " Yes, I was very sensitive to it in my early days. I was eager then to have all the

employees in the organisation think I was perfect. If they didn't, it worried me. I would

try to please first one person who had been sounding off against me; but the very thing I

did to patch it up with him would make someone else mad. Then when I tried to fix it

up with this person, I would stir up a couple of other bumble-bees. I finally discovered

that the more I tried to pacify and to smooth over injured feelings in order to escape

personal criticism, the more certain I was to increase my enemies. So finally I said to

myself: 'If you get your head above the crowd, you're going to be criticised. So get used

to the idea. ' That helped me tremendously. From that time on I made it a rule to do the

very best I could and then put up my old umbrella and let the rain of criticism drain off

me instead of running down my neck. "

Deems Taylor went a bit further: he let the rain of criticism run down his neck and had

a good laugh over it-in public. When he was giving his comments during the intermission

of the Sunday afternoon radio concerts of the New York Philharmonic-Symphony

Orchestra, one woman wrote him a letter calling him " a liar, a traitor, a snake and a

moron".

On the following week's broadcast, Mr. Taylor read this letter over the radio to millions

of listeners. In his book, Of Men & Music, he tells us that a few days later he received

another letter from the same lady, " expressing her unaltered opinion that I was still a

liar, a traitor, a snake and a moron. I have a suspicion, " adds Mr. Taylor, " that she didn't

care for that talk. " We can't keep from admiring a man who takes criticism like that. We

admire his serenity, his unshaken poise, and his sense of humour.

When Charles Schwab was addressing the student body at Princeton, he confessed that

one of the most important lessons he had ever learned was taught to him by an old

German who worked in Schwab's steel mill. The old German got involved in a hot

wartime argument with the other steelworkers, and they tossed him into the river.

" When he came into my office, " Mr. Schwab said, " covered with mud and water, I asked

him what he had said to the men who had thrown him into the river, and he replied: 'I

just laughed. ' "

Mr. Schwab declared that he had adopted that old German's words as his motto: " Just

laugh. "

That motto is especially good when you are the victim of unjust criticism. You can

answer the man who answers you back, but what can you say to the man who " just

laughs"?

Lincoln might have broken under the strain of the Civil War if he hadn't learned the folly

of trying to answer all his savage critics. He finally said: " If I were to try to read, much

less to answer, all the attacks made on me, this shop might as well be closed for any

other business. I do the very best I know how- the very best I can; and I mean to keep

on doing so until the end. If the end brings me out all right, then what is said against me

won't matter. If the end brings me out wrong, then ten angels swearing I was right

would make no difference. "

When you and I are unjustly criticised, let's remember Rule 2:

Do the very best yon can: and then put up your old umbrella and keep the rain of

criticism from running down the back of your neck.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Chapter 22 - Fool Things I Have Done

I have a folder in my private filing cabinet marked " FTD" - short for " Fool Things I Have

Done". I put in that folder written records of the fools things I have been guilty of. I

sometimes dictate these memos to my secretary, but sometimes they are so personal,

so stupid, that I am ashamed to dictate them, so I write them out in longhand.

I can still recall some of the criticisms of Dale Carnegie that I put in my " FTD" folders

fifteen years ago. If I had been utterly honest with myself, I would now have a filing

cabinet bursting out at the seams with these " FTD" memos. I can truthfully repeat what

King Saul said more than twenty centuries ago: " I have played the fool and have erred

exceedingly. "

When I get out my " FTD" folders and re-read the criticisms I have written of myself, they

help me deal with the toughest problem I shall ever face: the management of Dale

Carnegie.

I used to blame my troubles on other people; but as I have grown older-and wiser, I

hope-I have realised that I myself, in the last analysis, am to blame for almost all my

misfortunes. Lots of people have discovered that, as they grow older. " No one but

myself, " said Napoleon at St. Helena, " no one but myself can be blamed for my fall. I

have been my own greatest enemy-the cause of my own disastrous fate. "

Let me tell you about a man I know who was an artist when it came to self-appraisal and

self-management. His name was H. P. Howell. When the news of his sudden death in the

drugstore of the Hotel Ambassador in New York was flashed across the nation on July 31,

1944, Wall Street was shocked, for he was a leader in American finance-chairman of the

board of the Commercial National Bank and Trust Company, 56 Wall Street, and a

director of several large corporations. He grew up with little formal education, started

out in life clerking in a country store, and later became credit manager for U. S. Steel-

and was on his way to position and power.

" For years I have kept an engagement book showing all the appointments I have during

the day, " Mr. Howell told me when I asked him to explain the reasons for his success.

" My family never makes any plans for me on Saturday night, for the family knows that I

devote a part of each Saturday evening to self-examination and a review and appraisal

of my work during the week. After dinner I go off by myself, open my engagement book,

and think over all the interviews, discussions and meetings that have taken place since

Monday morning. I ask myself: 'What mistakes did I make that time? ' 'What did I do that

was right-and in what way could I have improved my performance? ' 'What lessons can I

learn from that experience? ' I sometimes find that this weekly review makes me very

unhappy. Sometimes I am astonished by my own blunders. Of course, as the years have

gone by, these blunders have become less frequent. This system of self-analysis,

continued year after year, has done more for me than any other one thing I have ever

attempted. "

Maybe H. P. Howell borrowed his idea from Ben Franklin. Only Franklin didn't wait until

Saturday night. He gave himself a severe going-over every night. He discovered that he

had thirteen serious faults. Here are three of them: wasting time, stewing around over

trifles, arguing and contradicting people. Wise old Ben Franklin realised that, unless he

eliminated these handicaps, he wasn't going to get very far. So he battled with one of

his shortcomings every day for a week, and kept a record of who had won each day's

slugging match. The next day, he would pick out another bad habit, put on the gloves,

and when the bell rang he would come out of his corner fighting. Franklin kept up this

battle with his faults every week for more than two years.

No wonder he became one of the best-loved and most influential men America ever

produced!

Elbert Hubbard said: " Every man is a damn fool for at least five minutes every day.

Wisdom consists in not exceeding that limit. "

The small man flies into a rage over the slightest criticism, but the wise man is eager to

learn from those who have censured him and reproved him and " disputed the passage

with him". Walt Whitman put it this way: " Have you learned lessons only of those who

admired you, and were tender with you, and stood aside for you? Have you not learned

great lessons from those who rejected you, and braced themselves against you, or

disputed the passage with you? "

Instead of waiting for our enemies to criticise us or our work, let's beat them to it. Let's

be our own most severe critic. Let's find and remedy all our weaknesses before our

enemies get a chance to say a word. That is what Charles Darwin did. In fact, he spent

fifteen years criticising-well, the story goes like this: When Darwin completed the

manuscript of his immortal book, The Origin of Species, he realised that the publication

of his revolutionary concept of creation would rock the intellectual and religious worlds.

So he became his own critic and spent another fifteen years, checking his data,

challenging his reasoning, criticising his conclusions.

Suppose someone denounced you as " a damn fool" -what would you do? Get angry?

Indignant? Here is what Lincoln did: Edward M. Stanton, Lincoln's Secretary of War, once

called Lincoln " a damn fool". Stanton was indignant because Lincoln had been meddling

in his affairs. In order to please a selfish politician, Lincoln had signed an order

transferring certain regiments. Stanton not only refused to carry out Lincoln's orders but

swore that Lincoln was a damn fool for ever signing such orders. What happened? When

Lincoln was told what Stanton had said, Lincoln calmly replied: " If Stanton said I was a

damned fool, then I must be, for he is nearly always right. I'll just step over and see for

myself. "

Lincoln did go to see Stanton. Stanton convinced him that the order was wrong, and

Lincoln withdrew it. Lincoln welcomed criticism when he knew it was sincere, founded

on knowledge, and given in a spirit of helpfulness.

You and I ought to welcome that kind of criticism, too, for we can't even hope to be

right more than three times out of four. At least, that was all Theodore Roosevelt said

he could hope for, when he was in the White House. Einstein, the most profound thinker

now living, confesses that his conclusions are wrong ninety-nine per cent of the time!

" The opinions of our enemies, " said La Rochefoucauld, " come nearer to the truth about

us than do our own opinions. "

I know that statement may be true many times; yet when anyone starts to criticise me,

if I do not watch myself, I instantly and automatically leap to the defensive-even before

I have the slightest idea what my critic is going to say. I am disgusted with myself every

time I do it. We all tend to resent criticism and lap up praise, regardless of whether

either the criticism or the praise be justified. We are not creatures of logic. We are

creatures of emotions. Our logic is like a canoe tossed about on a deep, dark, stormy

sea of emotion. Most of us have a pretty good opinion of ourselves as we are now. But in

forty years from now, we may look back and laugh at the persons we are today.

William Allen White-" the most celebrated small-town newspaper editor in history" -

looked back and described the young man he had been fifty years earlier as " swell-

headed... a fool with a lot of nerve... a supercilious young Pharisee... a complacent

reactionary. " Twenty years from now maybe you and I may be using similar adjectives to

describe the persons we are today. We may. ... who knows?

In previous chapters, I have talked about what to do when you are unjustly criticised.

But here is another idea: when your anger is rising because you feel you have been

unjustly condemned, why not stop and say: " Just a minute. ... I am far from perfect. If

Einstein admits he is wrong ninety-nine per cent of the time, maybe I am wrong at least

eighty per cent of the time. Maybe I deserve this criticism. If I do, I ought to be thankful

for it, and try to profit by it. "

Charles Luckman, president of the Pepsodent Company, spends a millions dollars a year

putting Bob Hope on the air. He doesn't look at the letters praising the programme, but

he insists on seeing the critical letters. He knows he may learn something from them.

The Ford Company is so eager to find out what is wrong with its management and

operations that it recently polled the employees and invited them to criticise the

company.

I know a former soap salesman who used even to ask for criticism. When he first started

out selling soap for Colgate, orders came slowly. He worried about losing his job. Since

he knew there was nothing wrong with the soap or the price, he figured that the trouble

must be himself. When he failed to make a sale, he would often walk around the block

trying to figure out what was wrong. Had he been too vague? Did he lack enthusiasm?

Sometimes he would go back to the merchant and say: " I haven't come back here to try

to sell you any soap. I have come back to get your advice and your criticism. Won't you

please tell me what I did that was wrong when I tried to sell you soap a few minutes

ago? You are far more experienced and successful than I am. Please give me your

criticism. Be frank. Don't pull your punches. "

This attitude won him a lot of friends and priceless advice.

What do you suppose happened to him? Today, he is president of the Colgate-Palmolive-

Peet Soap Company-the world's largest makers of soap. His name is E. H. Little. Last

year, only fourteen people in America had a larger income than he had: $240, 141.

It takes a big man to do what H. P. Howell, Ben Franklin, and E. H. Little did. And now,

while nobody is looking, why not peep into the mirror and ask yourself whether you

belong in that kind of company 1

To keep from worrying about criticism, here is Rule 3:

Let's keep a record of the fool things we have done and criticise ourselves. Since we

can't hope to be perfect, let's do what E. H. Little did: let's ask for unbiased, helpful,

constructive criticism.

~~~~

Part Six In A Nutshell - How To Keep From Worrying About Criticism

RULE 1: Unjust criticism is often a disguised compliment. It often means that you have

aroused jealousy and envy. Remember that no one ever kicks a dead dog.

RULE 2: Do the very best you can; and then put up your old umbrella and keep the rain

of criticism from running down the back of your neck.

RULE 3: Let's keep a record of the fool things we have done and criticise ourselves.

Since we can't hope to be perfect, let's do what E. H. Little did: let's ask for unbiased,

helpful, constructive criticism.

------------------------------

Part Seven - Six Ways To Prevent Fatigue And Worry And Keep Your Energy And Spirits

High

Chapter 23: How To Add One Hour A Day To Tour Waking Life

Why am I writing a chapter on preventing fatigue in a book on preventing worry? That is

simple: because fatigue often produces worry, or, at least, it makes you susceptible to

worry. Any medical student will tell you that fatigue lowers physical resistance to the

common cold and hundreds of other diseases and any psychiatrist will tell you that

fatigue also lowers your resistance to the emotions of fear and worry. So preventing

fatigue tends to prevent worry.

Did I say " tends to prevent worry"? That is putting it mildly. Dr. Edmund Jacobson goes

much further. Dr. Jacob-son has written two books on relaxation: Progressive Relaxation

and You Must Relax', and as director of the University of Chicago Laboratory for Clinical

Physiology, he has spent years conducting investigations in using relaxation as a method

in medical practice. He declares that any nervous or emotional state " fails to exist in

the presence of complete relaxation". That is another way of saying: You cannot

continue to worry if you relax.

So, to prevent fatigue and worry, the first rule is: Rest often. Rest before you get tired.

Why is that so important? Because fatigue accumulates with astonishing rapidity. The

United States Army has discovered by repeated tests that even young men-men

toughened by years of Army training-can march better, and hold up longer, if they