Conclusion. References

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Conclusion

Profession: Doctor of Medicine. Surgeon. Amateur musician.

Residences: Berlin, Zurich

Relation to Mahler:

Correspondence with Mahler:

Born: 26-04-1829 Bergen auf Rugen, Germany.

Address: Alserstrasse, Vienna

Died: 06-02-1894 Opatija, Croatia. Aged 64.

Buried: 09-02-1894 Central cemetery, Vienna, Austria. Grave 14A-7.

Christian Albert Theodor Billroth was a Prussian-born Austrian surgeon and amateur musician. As a surgeon, he is generally regarded as the founding father of modern abdominal surgery. As a musician, he was a close friend and confidant of Johannes Brahms (1833-1897), a leading patron of the Viennese musical scene, and one of the first to attempt a scientific analysis of musicality.

Billroth was born at Bergen auf Rü gen in the Kingdom of Prussia. He went to school in Greifswald. He was an indifferent student, and spent more time practicing piano than studying. Torn between a career as a musician or as a physician, he acceded to his mother's wishes and enrolled himself at the University of Greifswald to study medicine. He then followed his professor, Wilhelm Baum, to the University of Gö ttingen, and completed his medical doctorate at the University of Berlin. Along with Rudolph Wagner (1805-1864) and Georg Meissner (1829-1905), Billroth went to Trieste to study the torpedo fish.

References

1. Kazi, RA; Peter, RE " Christian Albert Theodor Billroth: Master of surgery" . Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. (2004).

2. " Theodor Billroth, M. D., Professor Of Clinical Surgery In The University Of Vienna". The British Medical Journal. (2013).

3. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. " Billroth, Albert Christian Theodor" . Encyclopæ dia Britannica. 3 (11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. (2010).

4. Beller, Steven. Vienna and the Jews, : A cultural history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. (2011).

5. Hardy, Susan; Corones, Anthony " Dressed to Heal: The Changing Semiotics of Surgical Dress". Fashion Theory. (2015).

6. Gussenbauer, Karl " Ü ber die erste durch Th. Billroth am ausgefü hrte Kehlkopf-Extirpation und die Anwendung eines kü nstlichen Kehlkopfes". Archiv fü r Klinische Chirurgie. (2014).

7. Stell, P. M. " The first laryngectomy". Journal of Laryngology & Otology. (2011).

8. Weil, Peter H.; Buchberger, Robert " From Billroth to PCV: A Century of Gastric Surgery". World Journal of Surgery. (2013).

9. " Billroth". The British Medical Journal. (2016).

10. Roses, Daniel F. (1989-01-01). " Review of The Surgeon's Surgeon: Theodor Billroth, Vol. 3". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 44 (2): 251–253. (2018).

11. Letter written, translated in Dorothy Schullian and Max Schoen, Music and Medicine New York, Henry Schuman, Inc. (1948)

12. Letter to Lubke, quoted in Sunderman, FW " Theodor Billroth As Musician". Bulletin of the Medical Library Association. (1937).

13. Engel, H. (1970–1980). " Billroth, Christian Albert Theodor". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 129–131

14. Telitschkin I., Theodor Billroth (1829–1894) in Russland. Wü rzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen. Band 23, S. 385-392

15. " Gastroduodenostomy - procedure, recovery, blood, tube, removal, pain, time, operation". (2017)

16. Billroth's operation I. (2008).

17. Robinson, JO. The History of Gastric Surgery. Postgraduate Medical Journal. (2016).

18. Clinic, Mayo. Collected Papers of the Mayo Clinic. W. B. Saunders Company. pp. 60-65.. Gastroduodenostomy. (2017)

19. American Cancer Society. Detailed Guide: stomach Cancer and its resection (2017).

20. Schrag D, Panageas KS, Riedel E, et al. " Hospital and surgeon procedure of stomach cancer resection". (2014).

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