TABLE 1. PREPOSITIONS

TABLE 1

A	Massive building site Endless cranes Government investments Funds and expertise provided by the Chinese Light-rail system 80% of the population lives in slums High-density, multi-storey apartments Spring up around the stations Set an example of densifying
B	Densely populated urban settlement Narrow streets Shady trees Pedestrianized streets A maze of building constructed over centuries
C	Densified inner-city Declining birth rates Ageing population Good infrastructure Carbon neutral capital Green and liveable city Ensure a more sustainable future
D	Rocketing fuel expenses Stand empty Derelict buildings Default on mortgage payments Bankrupt the urban core Ring roads
E	Satellite city Shantytown Explode into a metropolis Build from scratch Living in the rarified air
J	A promising case study A major inflow of people into the urban core Massive housing construction programme Identified urban development hotspots Mass transit services Upgrade informal settlements rather than build new houses on the peripheries
L	Chaotic and impoverished Not connected to piped water or a sanitation system Streets chocked with traffic Air full of fumes
M	Triple in size Vastly overcrowded Massively polluted Predominantly poor Pro-population policy Successful transition Fraught with future environmental risks Environmental issues high on the agenda
S	A network of high-density neighbourhoods efficient and affordable mass transit systems avoid sprawling outwards financially viable

· Why are threats of continued urbanization in its current form? (global food supplies not keeping up with population growth,

· What makes a city liveable? (p. s., community life, ped streets and piazzas for social engagement, efficient and affordable mass transit systems, accessible, multi-centred)

· What is happening to European cities?

· What is happenig to Russian cities? To Russia(shrink, reverse)

· Greenfield development vs Brownfield regeneration

· What are positive and negative impacts of densification?

Until now, much attention has been devoted to the cost of urban expansion and the benefits of densification. Those benefits typically include reduced land consumption, improved organization of public transport, improved thermal performance of buildings, and the increased vibrant nature of existing districts. The focus on the benefits of densification has often overlooked its potential negative effects. These negative impacts include the physical and mental health implications of stress from reduced living space, increased traffic congestion and concentration of air pollution in densely populated areas, loss of access to public amenities (crowded public spaces), increased land and housing prices in selected areas, lack of privacy, increased exposure to noise as well as negative environmental impacts arising from increased energy demand / GHG emissions, changes to microclimates caused by increased amount of built form and reduced green spaces and unsealed surfaces. The direct impacts of densification on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), climate change, public health, and more specifically on mental health and exposure to traffic pollution, are yet to be measured and contrasted with the direct and indirect effects of urban expansion

DENSE/DENSELY/ DENSIFY/DENSIFICATION/DENSITY
The garden is very __________ planted, leaving little opportunity for weeds to get established.

Their helicopter could not land because of the ________ jungle.

It is time to ____________, but that means creating conventional terraced streets.

We were unable to move because of the __________ of the crowd.

______________ degrades the quality of existing urban space and places greater burdens on an already creaking infrastructure.

PREPOSITIONS

Our Peaches Restaurant is renowned _____ a warm and welcoming atmosphere.

Attractive as that proposition has seemed in recent years, the form in which it has been pursued is fraught ______ difficulties.

The new air fares are geared ______ business travelers.

A Labour government chose to sacrifice defence_____ welfare.

Measures to combat terrorism will be high ______ the agenda.

He had built the business up ________ scratch.

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