Works. The English Civil War

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 3 из 4Следующая ⇒

Works

Comedies

All's Well That Ends Well
AsYouLikeIt
TheComedyofErrors
Love'sLabour'sLost
MeasureforMeasure
TheMerchantofVenice
TheMerryWivesofWindsor
A MidsummerNight'sDream
MuchAdoAboutNothing
Pericles, PrinceofTyre
TheTamingoftheShrew
TheTempest
TwelfthNight
TheTwoGentlemenofVerona
TheTwoNobleKinsmen
TheWinter'sTale

Histories

KingJohn
Richard II
Henry IV, Part 1
Henry IV, Part 2
Henry V
Henry VI, Part 1
Henry VI, Part 2
Henry VI, Part 3
Richard III
Henry VIII

Tragedies

RomeoandJuliet
Coriolanus
TitusAndronicus
TimonofAthens
JuliusCaesar
Macbeth
Hamlet
TroilusandCressida
KingLear
Othello
AntonyandCleopatra
Cymbeline

Poems

Shakespeare'ssonnets
VenusandAdonis
TheRapeofLucrece
ThePassionatePilgrim
The Phoenix and the Turtle
A Lover'sComplaint

Lostplays

Love'sLabour'sWon
TheHistoryofCardenio

Apocrypha

ArdenofFaversham
TheBirthofMerlin
Edward III
Locrine
TheLondonProdigal
ThePuritan
TheSecondMaiden'sTragedy
SirJohnOldcastle
ThomasLordCromwell
A YorkshireTragedy
SirThomasMore

Visual Arts

• England was very slow to produce visual arts in Renaissance styles. The English Reformation produced a huge programme of iconoclasm that destroyed almost all medieval religious art, and all but ended the skill of painting in England; English art was to be dominated by portraiture, and then later landscape art, for centuries to come. The significant English invention was the portrait miniature, which essentially took the techniques of the dying art of the illuminated manuscript and transferred them to small portraits worn in lockets

• Hans Holbein was the outstanding figure.

Visual arts:

1. Holbein

2. King Henry 8

3. Young Man Among Roses, portrait miniature by Nicholas Hilliard, 1588

4. TheDitchley Portrait of Elizabeth I by the foreign Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, c. 1592

5. Paul Delaroche The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

Music

- English Renaissance music kept in touch with continental developments far more than visual art, and managed to survive the Reformation relatively successfully, though William Byrd and other major figures were Catholic. The Elizabethan madrigal was distinct from, but related to the Italian tradition. Thomas Tallis, Thomas Morley, and John Dowland were other leading English composers.

- The colossal polychoral productions of the Venetian School had been anticipated in the works of Thomas Tallis, and the Palestrina style from the Roman School had already been absorbed prior to the publication of Musical transalpina, in the music of masters such as William Byrd.

Architecture

Despite some buildings in a partly Renaissance style from the reign of Henry VIII, notably Hampton Court Palace, the vanished Nonsuch Palace, Sutton Place and Layer Marney Tower, it was not until the Elizabethan architecture of the end of the century that a true Renaissance style emerged, influenced far more by northern Europe than Italy. The most famous buildings are large show houses constructed for courtiers, and characterised by lavish use of glass, as at " Hardwick Hall, more glass than wall", Wollaton Hall and Hatfield House and Burghley House

The English Civil War

The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.

Background

• 1. King Charles I of England married a French princess, who was a Catholic. Some of the British people at the time did not like this. Charles I upset the people even more by trying to make the country more Catholic.

• 2. When the members of Parliament refused to do what Charles wanted, he broke up the Parliament and tried to rule without them.

• 3. Charles tried to raise extra taxes without asking Parliament.

• 4. Charles sent his friend, the Earl of Strafford, to rule Ireland. When Strafford was accused of cruelty, Charles tried to protect him from being punished.

• 5. The Parliament refused to give Charles money to attack the rebels in Ireland.

The First English Civil War
1642–1646

- 22 Aug 1642 - Charles raised his standard at Nottingham formally declaring war.

- 23rd October 1642 - Edgehill- the first pitched battle of the English Civil War, fought at the village of Edgehill in the west Midlands. The Parliamentary army attempted to halt the Royalist army's march on London; the battle ended with no clear winner and with heavy losses on both sides

- 30th June 1643 - Adwalton Moor

- 13th July 1643 - Roundaway Down

- 20th September1643 -First Battle of Newbury(Parliamentarian victory)

- 2nd July 1644 - Marston Moor (Royalist armies suffered a defeat which fatally weakened Charles I's cause)

- 27th October 1644 - Second Battle of Newbury (Royalist victory)

- 14th June 1645 - The Battle of Naseby(Cromwell routed Prince Rupert's force)

- 24th June 1646 - Oxford, Charles I's capital surrendered to Parliament

Oliver Cromwell

• During the war, a new leader had been found by Parliament, a man called Oliver Cromwell, who was very good at leading an army and also had ideas about how to rule the country.

• When war broke out, the King's army was stronger and better-prepared than the army of Parliament. Cromwell saw this, and he decided to train men to fight better. Soon the " New Model Army" he had trained began to win battles. As a result, Parliament won the war.

The Second English Civil War
1648–1649

- November 1647 - Charles I escaped imprisonment and fled to Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight.

- 17th August 1648 – The Battle of Preston (Royalist defeat)

- 6th December 1648 – Pride’s Purge - the exclusion or arrest of about 140 members of parliament likely to vote against a trial of the captive Charles I by soldiers under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride in December 1648. Following the purge, the remaining members, known as the Rump Parliament, voted for the trial which resulted in Charles's execution.

- December 1648 - Charles was recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle

- 20th January 1649 - Start of the Trial of Charles 1^st

- 27th January 1649 – Charles is sentenced to death.

- 30th January 1649 – Execution of Charles 1st.

The Third English Civil War

1649–1651

- 5th February 1649 - Charles II declared King by the Scots

- 17th March 1649 – Abolition of the monarchy by the English Parliamentarians.

- 19th May 1649 - England is declared to be a Commonwealth.

- 11th September 1649 - Battle of Drogheda

- 11th October 1649 – Battle of Wexford.

- 27th April 1650 – The Battle OfCarbisdale – Defeat of Royalists, who go on the run.

- 3rd September 1650 - Battle Of Dunbar - New Model Army victory.

- 1st January 1651 – Charles II Crowned at Scone in Scotland.

- 3rd September – The Battle Of Worcester(Royalist totally defeat)

- 19th October – Charles II escapes to France from Shoreham, Sussex.

Aftermath

The English Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with, first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–53), and then with a Protectorate (1653–59), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule.

The civil wars effectively set England and Scotland on course to adopt a parliamentary monarchy form of government.

⇐ Предыдущая 1 234 Следующая ⇒