Course paper on medical institute

Penza state university

Medical institute

Department of medical institute

Course paper on medical institute

< < Marcus Raichel> >

Student name: Ahmad al mawla

Group: 19ll9(a)

Teacher: GavrilovaTatiana

Academic year: 2019-2020

Penza-2020

Marcus E. Raichle (born March 15, 1937) a neurologist, is a Professor of Radiology, Neurology, Neurobiology and Biomedical Engineering at Washington University in St Louis. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, The Institute of Medicine and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He and his colleagues have made outstanding contributions to the study of human brain function through the development and use of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Career

Noteworthy accomplishments of Marcus Raichle include the discovery of the relative independence of blood flow and oxygen consumption during changes in brain activity which provided the physiological basis of fMRI; [2] the discovery of a default mode of brain function (i. e., organized intrinsic activity) and its signature system, [3] the brain’s default mode network; [4] and, the discovery that aerobic glycolysis contributes to brain function independent of oxidative phosphorylation.

Honors:

Member: National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Foreign member: The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Fellow: American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Awards:

In 2001, he was a co-recipient of Grawemeyer Award in Psychology, with Michael Posner and Steven Petersen of the University of Louisville. [8] In 2010, he was awarded the Arië nsKappers Medal from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2014, he was a co-recipient of the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, awarded by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, with Brenda Milner of the Montreal Neurological Institute at McGill University and John O’Keefe of University College London.

About Marcus raichel:

Their landmark study (Nature, 1988) described the first integrated strategy for the design, execution and interpretation of functional brain images. It represented 17 years of work developing the components of this strategy (e. g., rapid, repeat measurements of blood flow with PET; stereotaxic localization; imaging averaging; and, a cognitive subtraction strategy). Another seminal study led to the discovery that blood flow and glucose utilization change more than oxygen consumption in the active brain (Science, 1988) causing tissue oxygen to vary with brain activity. This discovery provided the physiological basis for subsequent development fMRI and caused researchers to reconsider the dogma that brain uses oxidative phosphorylation exclusively to fuel its functional activities. Finally seeking to explain task-induced activity decreases in functional brain images they employed an innovative strategy to define a physiological baseline (PNAS, 2001; Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2001). This has led to the concept of a default mode of brain function and invigorated studies of intrinsic functional activity, an issue largely dormant for more than a century. An important facet of this work was the discovery of a unique fronto-parietal network in the brain that has come to be known as the default network. This network is now the focus of work on brain function in health and disease worldwide. In summary, the Raichle group has consistently led in defining the frontiers of cognitive neuroscience through the development and use of functional brain imaging techniques.

some information and talkink of dark brain from DrMaecus:

UW alum, neurologist and neuroscientist Dr. Marcus Raichle, visited the Neuroscience Graduate Program to talk about how the brain's intrinsic organization of electrical patterns sustains human mental life, during sleep or multi-tasking; daydreaming or surgical anesthesia.

In the 1990's, neuroscientist Dr. Marcus Raichle (UW, BS '60, MD '64) at Washington University in St. Louis, Wisconsin, began to add brain scans into a folder labeled 'Medial Mystery Parietal Area. ' This referred to a bunch of different brain areas that seemed to show organized activity when study subjects laid quietly in the scanner, just letting their minds wander, and then a decrease from that baseline activity when they concentrated on a task.

A remarkable observation at the time, this finding challenged the assumption in neuroscience that the resting brain simply generated “noise” and only leapt into action in response to an external event, such as a knock at the door. As Raichle and his lab eventually demonstrated, this idea couldn't be farther from the truth.

Raichle, one of the leading authorities on brain metabolism, uses sophisticated technology called functional magnetic resonance brain imaging (fMRI) to track the patterns of activity naturally present in living brains. We now know that the brain—at rest or awake—organizes itself into intrinsic networks, which are groups of brain areas that synchronize their activity, ramping up and down at the same time. These 'functionally connected' networks appear even under general anesthesia and during light sleep, suggesting that they are a fundamental facet of brain functioning.

Raichle's mystery area is now known as part of the 'default mode network, ' shown to be critical to memory and self-reflection. Other identified networks govern language, vision, emotional awareness and threat detection, attention, and motor function. Recent fMRI studies from UCSF show that, in early Alzheimer's disease, the default mode network for memory weakens as a network important for emotional sensitivity and empathy strengthens, perhaps explaining the common observation that people living with memory loss often retain social awareness and emotion warmth.

During his recent talk at the UW Department of Neuroscience, Raichle shared his intuition about the brain: “The brain is similar to an orchestra. It has sections like the strings or percussion. But one cannot just look at it in that way, ” Raichle said. “An orchestra is much more than its sections, they all need to come together to produce music. ”

References

· https: //depts. washington. edu/mbwc/news/article/uw-alum-neuroscientist-dr. -marcus-raichle-on-the-resting-brain

· https: //sites. wustl. edu/nillabs/people/marcus-e-raichle/

· https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marcus_Raichle