Table. Hormones.

Hormone (name, abbreviation)	Gland	Chemical nature of the hormone, its solubility in lipids	Synthesis, storage, mechanism of hormone secretion	Transport of hormones in the blood stream (if in a complex with proteins – name these proteins)	Mechanism of action on target cells (nuclear-cytoplasmic or transmembrane)	Target organs	Mechanisms of regulation of hormone production*	Effects	Symptoms of hyper-/hypo functioning	Mechanisms of inactivation and removal from the body
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)	Parathyroid gland	polypeptide with 84 amino acids, water-soluble	synthesized on the ribosomes as preproPTH, which has 115 amino acids. A 25-amino acid signal peptide sequence is cleaved while synthesis of the molecule is being completed on the ribosomes. The 90-amino acid proPTH then is transported to the Golgi apparatus, where 6 more amino acids are cleaved, yielding the nal 84-amino acid form of the hormone. PTH is packaged in secretory granules for subsequent release.	In free form	The receptor is coupled, via a Gs protein, to adenylyl cyclase. When activated, adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP, which activates a series of protein kinases. Activated protein kinases phosphorylate intracellular proteins.	Bones, kidneys, small intestine	When the plasma Ca2+ concentration decreases to less than 10 mg/dL, PTH secretion is stimulated, reach- ing maximal rates when the Ca2+ concentration is 7. 5 mg/dL. Hypomagnesemia stimulates PTH secretion and hypermagnesemia inhibits PTH secretion.	Overall: increase in plasma Ca2+ concentration. Bones. Promotes bone resorption, delivering both Ca2+ and phosphate to ECF. Kidneys. PTH inhibits phosphate reabsorption by inhibiting Na+-phosphate cotransport in the proximal convo- luted tubule. As a result of this action, PTH causes phosphaturia. Excreting phosphate in urine “allows” the plasma ionized Ca2+ concentration to increase. PTH stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption. Small intestine. Indirect effect. PTH stimulates renal 1α -hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to the active form, 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. In turn, 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol stimulates intes- tinal Ca2+ absorption.	Primaryhyperparathyroidism. increasedcirculatinglevelsof PTH, hypercalcemia, andhypophosphatemia. Hypoparathyroidism. low-circulatinglevelsof PTH, hypo- calcemia, andhyperphosphatemia.	Increasing concentration of Ca2+, decreases in serum [Mg2+], Increase in serum phosphate and calcitriol inhibits PTH.
Progesterone	Ovaries, corpus luteum, placenta	21-carbon steroid, lipid-soluble	In theca cells: cholesterol Pregnenolone (by cholesterol desmolase), Progesterone (by 3β -hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase.	Is transported bound by transcortin and albumin.	Cytosolic mechanism. It enters the cell by simple diffusion, binds to receptors in the cytoplasm. Then this complex enters the nucleus, binds to nuclear receptor, increases affinity to DNA. As a result, affects transcription.	Reproductive system, breats	GnRH is delivered directly to the anterior lobe of the pituitary in high concentration, where it stimulates pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH. FSH and LH then act on the ovaries to stimulate follicular development and ovulation and to stimulate the synthesis of the female sex steroid hormones.	Maintenanceofsecretoryactivityofuterusduringlutealphase Developmentofthebreasts  Negativefeedbackeffectson FSH and LH secretionMaintenanceofpregnancy  Raisinguterinethresholdtocontractilestimuliduringpregnancy.	Hyperfunction: uteral bleeding and problems with menstrual cycle. Hypofunction: osteoporosis	Reduction at C3 and C20 and saturation of the double bond. this product, pregnanediol, doesn’t associate tightly with serum proteins and is excreted with urine.