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Theoretical scientific research

1. Scientific research can be theoretical and empirical. Theoretical scientific research is an action aimed at the development of the conceptual apparatus of science and the improvement of cognition of objective reality and its laws. During it there is no immediate practical interaction with objects, they are studied only indirectly, in a mental experiment. The theoretical research uses the following methods: idealization (a method of constructing an idealized object), a mental experiment (which replaces the real experiment with real objects), axiomatic and hypothetico-deductive method of constructing a theory, and others.

2. The theoretical research is organically interrelated with the empirical research and constitutes the structure of the scientific knowledge: an empirical research contributes to the development of the theoretical knowledge, delivering new experimental data, the theoretical one studies new prospects for empirical research based on the explaining facts and experimental data.

3. The result of the scientific research is theoretical knowledge. Theoretical knowledge is a set of common scientific laws which allows explaining the previously discovered facts and empirical regularities, as well as to predict and anticipate future events and facts. The differences between the empirical and theoretical knowledge can be seen from the following example. Gas Laws by Boyle-Marriott, Charles and Gay-Lussac are empirical laws. But the model of an ideal gas equation of Clapeyron-Mendeleev is theoretical knowledge.

4. Theoretical study starts with the defining of the subject and the object of the research. After that the process of constructing of the logical structure of the theory, concepts, etc. begins. This process consists of two stages. The first stage is the stage of induction. Induction is the ascent from the concrete to the abstract. At the stage of induction researcher inventories in detail all available results, all that is of his interest. After that the next stage - the deductive process - begins. It is the ascent from the abstract to the concrete. At this stage, the concept and a system of axioms are formulated. Then they unfold in a set of principles, factors, conditions (groups of factors), models, mechanisms, theorems, etc. Sometimes, if the problem of a research is divided into several relatively independent aspects, the concept develops into some conceptual positions which further develop into a set of principles, etc. In turn, the principles may evolve into classes of models, types of tasks, etc. So the logical structure of the scientific theoretical work is built.

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