Mixedcases

					BE TO			Table 8

Typeofmodality	Languagemeaning
Typeofmodality	Languagemeaning	meaning	situation		finitive	relation
		Contextual	Pragmatic	ModalVerb	TypeofIn-	Time	Translation	Example

	necessity	Obligationdueto	stating				договорились	We are to meet at 5.
		previousar-	arrangement				должен	The concert was to last for 3 hours.
		rangements,
		rangements,
		plans, destiny	order					You are to stay where you belong.
			command	isto		present		You are to be inside. Don’tgoout.
								You are to do it at once.
				isto		future
			instruction					You are to take this medicine twice a day.
Objective				wasto	do	past
Objective			askingabout					When is the car to be ready?
			askingabout					When is the car to be ready?
			plans					When are you to ring him up?
			statingsmth
			destinedto				суждено	She was to become my wife.
			happen
			stating	wasto	havedone	past	должен был,	The plane was to have taken off at 2: 45, but
			planesnot				но не	itdidn’t.
			carriedout

	possibility	Circumstantial	statingsmth	isto /	bedone	present /	можно≈ mayor	James was to be found in the club every
	possibility	events						night. Джеймса можно было найти в клу-
		possibilitydueto	naturally	wasto	(Passive	past	can	night. Джеймса можно было найти в клу-
		naturalcourseof	expected		Inf. )			бе каждый вечер.

Dare

ing
	Pragmatic	ModalVerb	Typeof	Time	Translation	Example	Notes
	situation	ModalVerb	Infinitive	relation	Translation	Example	Notes
		dare	do	present	Да как ты смеешь!	How dare you say that?	exclamatory,
		(irregular)		past	Не насмеливаюсь	Dareshecome?	inter. & neg-
						I daren’t ask you. Will you do it for me?	ative s-ces
	Intentionsbased					Hedarednotcome.
	onimpudence,				Посмей только!	Don’tyoudare!
	courage,						mainlyin
	indignation	dare	todo	present,	не осмеливаться,	He doesn’t dare to come here again.	negative s-
		(regular)		past,	не сметь	He didn’t dare to stop me.	ces
				future		He won’t dare to deny his words
					посметь	Do theydare tosay this?
	………………….	…………	………...	………	……………………	…………………………………………..	………...
		dare	todo	present	Попробуй!	I dare you to say that straight to her face.
	Challenge	(regular)			Посмей только!
					А тебе не сделать!
					Спорим, …

Mixedcases

You dare! Don’t you dare! (Посмейтолько! )

Don’t you dare laugh at me! Don’t you dare to lay a hand on him!

Do you dare put your mind to the test?

He didn’t dare open his eyes.

The bank dares not try to call in its debts.

WILL, WOULD

Typeofmodality

Languagemeaning

Contextual

meaning

Verb

Infinitive

relation

Pragmaticsituation

Modal

Typeof

Time

Translation

Example

Notes

willingness

охотно,

Can somebody help me? – I will.

≈ I want, I’m

если будет

If you will come, I’ll be glad.

ready

order

желание

desire, unbroken

firmintention

все равно

I will stay here whatever you say

promise

I will stopsmoking.

1st person

threat

I’ ll breakyourneck.

(arisingfromstrongthings)

refusal

will

present

не хотеть, не же-

The man won’t give his name and address.

person

Objective

Necessity

failuretoperform

would

future

лать

Thepen won’t write.

thing

частенько

theimmediate

никак не

function

asvolition

habitualbehaviour

present

He will come on us on every Sunday.

past

бывало

In childhood he would go skating every Sun-

day.

Obligation

naturalbehaviour

Boys will beboys.

request

You will help me, won’t you?

offer

Will you have a wine?

order

Bill and Garry, you will stay inside the build-

ingandprotectit.

Nearcer-

mostly

никто иной, как

-Who’s that knocking on the door? -That will

≈ 99%

tainty

assumption, pre-

will

do/have

present,

безусловно

beMary.

diction

would

done

past

Shall

Pragmatic	Modal	Typeof	Time	Translation	Example
situation	Verb	Infinitive	relation	Translation	Example
situation	Verb	Infinitive	relation
Statementof				я заверяю, будет	The proposal shall not be opposed.
determination				обещаю
					You shall have an answer by tomorrow.
Promise
threat			present	непременно	Youshallbepunished.
			future
warning				должны	You shall suffer for this.