Практическое занятие 6. Подвижной состав. Rollingstock.

Практическое занятие 6. " Подвижной состав". " Rollingstock".

1. Переведите на русский язык.

1. Her grandmother can knit very well. 2. I can answer the questions. They are very easy. 3. This trip is too expensive for me. I can't afford it. 4. She can type. She can speak well on the telephone. She hopes she can find the job she's looking for. 5. Can You go to have lunch with me? - I'm sorry. I can't. 6. Mike can run very fast. 7. They can understand French. 8. Kate can speak English very well. 9. My brother can come and help you in the garden. 10. CanyouspeakSpanish?

1. Её бабушка может вязать очень хорошо. 2. Я могу ответить на вопросы. Они очень лёгкие. 3. Эта поездка слишком дорога для меня. Я не могу этого себе позволить. 4. Он может печатать. Она может хорошо говорить по телефону. Она надеется, что сможет найти работу, которую она ищет. 5. Можете ли вы пообедать со мной? – Мне жаль, я не могу. 6. Майкможетбегатьоченьбыстро. 7. Онимогутпонятьфранцузскийязык. 8. Кейтможетговоритьпо-английскиоченьхорошо. 9. Мой брат может прийти и помочь вам в саду. 10. Можете ли вы говорить по-испански?

2. Переведитенарусскийязык

1. MayIinviteNicktoourhouse? 2. Youmaygonow. 3. Ifyouhavedoneyourhomework, you may go for a walk. 4. Don’t go to the wood alone: you may lose your way. 5. May I go to the post office with Mike? 6. May I take Pete’s bag? 7. Don’t give the vase to the child: he may break it. 8. May we take notes with a pencil? 9. You may not cross the street when the light is red. 10. May I shut the door?

1. Могу ли я пригласить Ника в наш дом? 2. Выможетепойтисейчас. 3. Если вы сделали домашнее задание, вы можете пойти на прогулку. 4. Не ходите в лес один, вы можете потерять свой путь. 5. МогулияотправитьсянапочтусМайком? 6. МогулиявзятьсумкуПита? 7. Недавайтевазуребёнку, онможетсломатьеё. 8. Можемлимыделатьзаметкикарандашом? 9. Вы можете не пересекать улицу, когда свет красный. 10. Могу ли я закрыть дверь?

3. Вставьтеглаголыmayилиcan

1. … Icomein? 2. Letmelookatyourexercises. I … be able to help you. 3. I … not swim, because until this year the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water. But this year he says I … stay in for fifteen minutes if I like, so I’m going to learn to swim. 4. Libraries are quite free, and any one who likes … get books there. 5. I … come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 6. Take your raincoat with you: it … rain today. 7. Do you think you … do that? 8. I … finish the work tomorrow if no one bothers me any more. 9. … we come and see you next Sunday at three o’clock in the afternoon? 10. What time is it? – It … - be about six o’clock, but I am not sure. 11. Only a person who knows the language very well … answer such a question.

1. MayIcomein? 2. Letmelookatyourexercises. I may be able to help you. 3. I can not swim, because until this year the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water. But this year he says I can stay in for fifteen minutes if I like, so I’m going to learn to swim. 4. Libraries are quite free, and any one who likes can get books there. 5. I can come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 6. Take your raincoat with you: it may rain today. 7. Do you think you can do that? 8. I may finish the work tomorrow if no one bothers me any more. 9. Can we come and see you next Sunday at three o’clock in the afternoon? 10. What time is it? – It may - be about six o’clock, but I am not sure. 11. Only a person who knows the language very well can answer such a question.

4. Вставьте модальные глаголы may (might) или can (could).

1. … you help me? 2. I … imagine her speaking in public: I knew that she was so shy. 3. Something was wrong with the car: he … not start it. 4. A fool … ask more questions than a wise man … answer. 5. She asked me if she … use my telephone. 6. … I use your pen? 7. … I find a pen on that table? 8. You … read this book: you know the language well enough. 9. You … take this book: I don’t need it. 10. … help you? 11. … I ask you to help me? 12. The school was silent: nothing … be heard in the long dark corridors. 13. Waiting … be endless, you know. 14. … you tell me the nearest way to the city museum? 15. They … think that I am too weak to take part in the excursion, but I am strong enough to do any kind of hard work, indeed. 16. He knew this period of history very well: he had read everything on the subject he … find in the rich university library.

1. Can you help me? 2. I could imagine her speaking in public: I knew that she was so shy. 3. Something was wrong with the car: he could not start it. 4. A fool may ask more questions than a wise man can answer. 5. She asked me if she might use my telephone. 6. May I use your pen? 7. Can I find a pen on that table? 8. You can read this book: you know the language well enough. 9. You may take this book: I don’t need it. 10. Can help you? 11. May I ask you to help me? 12. The school was silent: nothing could be heard in the long dark corridors. 13. Waiting can be endless, you know. 14. Could you tell me the nearest way to the city museum? 15. Theycan think that I am too weak to take part in the excursion, but I am strong enough to do any kind of hard work, indeed. 16. He knew this period of history very well: he had read everything on the subject he can find in the rich university library.

5. Переведите на русский язык.

«ROLLING STOCK»

Railroad trains are pulled by locomotives. But some locomotives can push as well as pull. These locomotives are especially useful on commuter lines.

Locomotives can be classified into two groups according to the work they do. Road locomotives haul freight or passenger trains. Switching locomotives, or switch engines, move cars from track to track in rail yards.

Almost all locomotives can also be classified into three groups according to how they are powered.

Diesel-electric locomotives use oil-burning diesel engines to turn electric generators. The electric power produced by the generators runs the driving mechanisms that turn the locomotive's wheels.

Electric locomotives work much as diesel-electrics do. But instead of producing their own electric power, they get it from wires suspended above the track or from an electrified third rail.

Steam locomotives burn coal or fuel oil to produce steam. The force of the steam runs the locomotive.

A few trains are powered by two other kinds of locomotives. Gas-turbine electric locomotives use the force of hot gases to run turbines, which in turn operate electric generators. The power produced by the generators runs the trains. Diesel-hydraulic locomotives use diesel engines to produce energy transmitted to the driving mechanisms by means of fluids under pressure.

Railroads in the United States operate about 20, 000 locomotives. Almost all of them are diesel-electric. Only a few US railroads use electric locomotives. Railroads in most industrial countries operate both diesel-electric and electric locomotives. Steam locomotives are still used in China, India, and some other countries.

Railroad cars are grouped into two general categories: passenger cars and freight cars. Each car has a coupler at each end. This device links the cars together. The first automatic car couplers were designed in 1873. Cars also have air brakes connected to a master control in the locomotive. Railroad air brakes were patented by George Westinghouse in 1869 but were put into common practice only in the beginning of the 20th century.

On most passenger trains the cars consist mainly of coaches. The majority of coaches have seats for 50 to 90 passengers. Double-deck coaches on commuter trains seat from 150 to 170 people. Some passenger train cars include baggage cars, dining cars and sleeping cars.

Freight cars differ in shape and size according to the freight they are designed to haul. They range from boxcars for carrying general freight, to specially designed cars for new automobiles. Many newer freight cars are longer and have been designed to carry different kinds of load. Flat cars, for example, are specially equipped to hold truck trailers or containers.

Railroads have greatly improved the safety of railroad cars over years. One of the chief improvements has been to reduce the danger from overheated journal boxes. On older cars, each end of an axle turned on solid surfaces enclosed in an oil-filled journal box. A box might become overheated due to the lack of lubrication and so become a hotbox. A hotbox might cause a derailment.

On newer cars, the use of roller bearings at the ends of axles has helped to reduce the number of hotboxes. Railroads have also installed electronic devices called hotbox detectors at various points alongside railroad tracks. As trains pass by, the devices detect hotboxes. This information is transmitted to a central control station and cars with hotboxes are removed from the train.

Railcars are railroad cars with a built-in power unit. These cars do not need a locomotive, because they provide their own power. A railcar may be diesel-electric, electric, or gas-turbine electric.

Some railcars are intended for carrying passengers and form railcar trains. These trains include gas-turbine electric trains called turbo trains that operate between the cities of Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the UK, Japan, Canada, the USA and some other countries.

Some self-propelled cars are designed for railroad maintenance. Each car carries special equipment to do a particular job along a railroad line. Some cars have track-laying machinery or machinery for inspecting or repairing tracks; others carry such equipment as snowplows or weed cutters.

«ПОДВИЖНОЙ СОСТАВ» Поезда железной дороги тянут локомотивы. Но некоторые локомотивы могут толкать, а также тянуть. Эти локомотивы особенно полезны на пригородных линиях. Локомотивы могут быть классифицированы в две группы согласно работе, которую они делают. Магистральные локомотивы буксируют грузовые или пассажирские поезда. Маневровые локомотивы или двигатели перевода, перемещают вагоны с пути на путь в сортировочных станциях. Почти все локомотивы могут также быть классифицированы в три группы согласно тому, как они приводятся в действие. Тепловозы с электрической передачей используют работающие на нефти дизели, которые вращают электрические генераторы. Электроэнергия, произведенная генераторами, управляет ведущими механизмами, которые крутят колеса локомотива. Электровозы производительнее тепловозов. Но вместо того, чтобы производить собственную электроэнергию, они получают её от проводов, находящихся выше пути или от наэлектризованного третьего рельса. Паровозы жгут уголь или горючее, чтобы произвести пар. Сила пара управляет локомотивом. Несколько поездов приведены в движение двумя другими видами локомотивов. Газотурбинные электровозы используют силу горячих газов, чтобы управлять турбинами, которые в свою очередь управляют электрическими генераторами. Энергия, произведенная генераторами, управляет поездами. Дизельно-гидравлические локомотивы используют дизели, чтобы произвести энергию, переданную для ведущих механизмов посредством жидкостей под давлением. На железных дорогах в Соединенных Штатах эксплуатируются приблизительно 20, 000 локомотивов. Почти все они дизельно-электрические. Только несколько американских железных дорог используют электровозы. На железных дорогах в большинстве индустриальных стран эксплуатируются тепловозы и электровозы. Паровозы все еще используются в Китае, Индии и некоторых других странах. Железнодорожные вагоны сгруппированы в две общих категории: пассажирские вагоны и грузовые вагоны. У каждого вагона есть сцепка в каждом конце. Это устройство соединяет вагоны. Первые автоматические вагонные сцепки были разработаны в 1873. Вагоны также соединяются пневматическими тормозами с основным управлением в локомотиве. Пневматические тормоза железной дороги были запатентованы Джорджем Вестингаусом в 1869, но были помещены в установившуюся практику только в начале 20-го века. На большинстве пассажирских поездов вагоны состоят в основном пассажирских вагонов. У большинства пассажирских вагонов есть места для 50 - 90 пассажиров. Двухэтажные пассажирские вагоны на поездах пассажирского сообщения от 150 до 170 человек. Некоторые вагоны пассажирского поезда включают багажные вагоны, вагоны-рестораны и спальные вагоны. Грузовые вагоны отличаются по форме и размеру согласно грузу, на который они рассчитаны перевозить. Они варьируются от крытых вагонов для перевозки общих грузов, до специально разработанных вагонов для новых автомобилей. Много более новых грузовых вагонов более длинны и были разработаны, чтобы нести различные виды загрузки. Вагоны-платформы, например, особенно оборудованы, чтобы держать прицепы для грузовиков или контейнеры. Железные дороги значительно повысили уровень безопасности железнодорожных вагонов за годы. Одно из главных улучшений должно было уменьшить опасность от перегретых букс. На более старых вагонах каждый конец оси включил твердые поверхности, приложенные в масляной коробке буксы. Коробка могла бы стать перегретой из-за отсутствия смазки и таким образом становится перегретым букс. Перегретая букса могла бы вызвать крушение. На более новых вагонах использование роликовых подшипников в концах осей помогло сократить количество перегретых букс. Железные дороги также установили электронные устройства, названные датчиками перегретой буксы в различных пунктах вместе с железнодорожными путями. Поскольку поезда проходят мимо, устройства обнаруживают перегретые буксы. Эта информация передаётся в центральную распорядительную станцию, и вагоны с перегретыми буксами убираются из поезда. Автомотриса - железнодорожные вагоны со встроенным блоком питания. Для этих вагонов не нужен локомотив, потому что они обеспечивают свое собственное питание. Автомотриса может быть дизельно-электрической, электрической, или электро- газотурбиной. Некоторые автомотрисы предназначены для того, чтобы перевозить пассажиров и формирования железнодорожных вагонов. Эти поезда включают электро-газотурбинные поезда, названные турбо поездами, которые работают между городами Германии, Франции, Италии, Испании, Великобритании, Японии, Канады, США и некоторых других стран. Некоторые самоходные вагоны разработаны для обслуживания железной дороги. Каждый вагон перевозит специальное оборудование, чтобы сделать конкретную работу вдоль линии железной дороги. У некоторых вагонов есть машинное оборудование укладки пути или машинное оборудование для осмотра или восстановления путей; другие несут такое оборудование как резаки сорняка или снегоочистители.

6. Замените подчеркнутые слова синонимами из текста:

1. Enginesattheheadofthetrainhaultrainsalongtheline.

2. Locomotives that can pull as well as push trains are especially efficient on suburbanrailroads.

3. Locomotives can be driven by different kinds of power.

4. Most great industrial countries have a lot of both electric and diesel-electric engines in operation.

5. Railway cars are classified into 2 groups: passenger cars and freight cars.

6. The first automatic car couplers and air brakes were invented in the 19th century.

7. Most passenger trains are made up of passenger cars.

8. Many modern freight cars are intended for carrying various kinds of cargoes.

9. An overheated box may result in a wreck.

10. Railcars do not requireengines.

11. Gas-turbine electric trains are designed to transport people between the biggest cities of Europe, the USA, Japan, Canada, at very high speeds.

1. Locomotive at the head of the train pull trains along the track. 2. Locomotives that can pull as well as push trains are especially useful on commuter lines. 3. Locomotives can be powered by other kinds of energy. 4. Most great industrial countries have manyboth electric and diesel-electric locomotives in working. 5. Railroad cars are grouped into 2 categories: passenger cars and freight cars. 6. The first automatic car couplers and air brakes were invented in the 19th century. 7. Most passenger trains consist mainly of coaches. 8. Many newer freight cars arehave been designed various kinds of load. 9. An overheated box may cause a derailment. 10. Railcars do not need a locomotive. 11. Turbo trains are designed to transport passengers between the biggest cities of Europe, the USA, Japan, Canada, at greater speeds.

7. Соотнесите синонимы:

1. locomotive 2. useful 3. to carry 4. rail yard 5. power 6. to produce 7. service 8. device 9. to include 10. to need 11. luggage 12. common 13. to couple 14. different 15. to range 16. inventor 17. lack 18. derailment 19. to remove 20. machinery

a. station b. appliance c. baggage d. efficient e. to comprise f. to link g. to vary h. wreck i. shortage j. to eliminate k. engine l. designer m. to generate n. equipment o. to transport p. operation q. various r. general s. to require t. energy

1. -k. 2. -d. 3. -o. 4. -a. 5. -t. 6. -m. 7. -b. 8. -n. 9. -e. 10. -s. 11. -c. 12. -r. 13. -f. 14. -q. 15. -g. 16. -l. 17. -i. 18. -h. 19. -j. 20. -p.

8. Вставьтесловавпредложения:

about, and, by, considerably, due to, formerly, in, now, nowadays, of, on, or, than, to, with

Railway passenger cars (coaches) are … many different types … vary … … design … … the various kinds … traffic to be handled.

…, all passenger cars were made … wood … equipped … hand brakes, coal … wood burning stoves … oil lamps.

…, all coaches are made … steel. They are much safer … the old ones … carry a greater number … passengers. Comfort … sanitary conditions are … given great attention.

A typical modern coach is … 25 m long, seats 48 passengers, weighs 50 tons, is carried … four-wheeled trucks … is … steel construction. All coaches are fitted … a hot water heating system … lighted … electricity. Improved seats, pleasant interior … air conditioning systems have added … the comfort … railway travelers.

Railway passenger cars (coaches) are considerably many different types of vary to design or on the various kinds due to traffic to be handled. Formerly, all passenger cars were made of wood to equipped by hand brakes, coal and wood burning stoves with oil lamps. Now, all coaches are made of steel. They are much safer than the old ones to carry a greater number of passengers. Comfort and sanitary conditions are considerably given great attention. A typical modern coach is with 25 m long, seats 48 passengers, weighs 50 tons, is carried on four-wheeled trucks in is steel construction. All coaches are fitted of a hot water heating system and lighted by electricity. Improved seats, pleasant interior and air conditioning systems have added to the comfort in railway travelers.

9. Найдите в тексте английский эквиваленты:

1- тянуть и толкать поезда

2- в зависимости от выполняемой работы

3- дизельные двигатели на жидком топливе

4- приводить в движение электрические генераторы

5- колеса локомотива

6- контактная сеть

7- жидкости, находящиеся под давлением

8- постоянная эксплуатация

9- автосцепка вагонов

10- пневматические тормоза

11- большая часть пассажирских вагонов

12- двухъярусные вагоны пригородных поездов

13- вагоны-платформы для перевозки грузовых трейлеров

14- снизить опасность возникновения перегретых букс

15- стать причиной железнодорожной аварии

16- детекторы перегретых букс

17- встроенный энергоблок

18- оборудование для ремонта и эксплуатации пути

1-push as well as pull 2-according to the work they do 3-oil-burning diesel engines 4-to turn electric generators 5-the locomotive's wheels 6-wires suspended above the track 7-fluids under pressure 8-to operate 9-automatic car couplers 10- air brakes 11-mainly of coaches 12- double-deck coaches on commuter trains 13- flat cars are equipped to hold truck containers 14-to reduce the danger from overheated journal boxes 15-might cause a derailment 16- hotbox detectors 17- a built-in power unit 18-machinery for inspecting or repairing tracks

10. Заполните пропуски согласно информации текста:

1. Some locomotives can … as well as ….

2. These locomotives are especially useful on … lines.

3. According to the … they perform, locomotives are divided into … and ….

4. … locomotives are the oldest ones.

5. Nowadays, … and …-… locomotives are most widely used on railroads.

6. Railway cars include … cars and … cars.

7. … carry passengers only.

8. There are different kinds of … cars depending on the loads carried.

9. … journal boxes increase the danger of ….

10. Special devices are used to … hotboxes.

11. Railcars do not need ….

12. They are equipped with …-… power units.

13. … carry passengers between the … cities of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and some other countries.

14. Some …-… cars carry special … for …, … and … railroad tracks.

1. Some locomotives can push as well as pull. 2. These locomotives are especially useful on commuter lines. 3. According to the work they perform, locomotives are divided into haul freight and passenger trains. 4. Steam locomotives are the oldest ones. 5. Nowadays, diesel-electric and electric locomotives-operate both locomotives are most widely used on railroads. 6. Railway cars include dining car and sleepingcar. 7. Railcars are intended for carry passengers only. 8. There are different kinds of … cars depending on the loads carried. 9. Overheated journal boxes increase the danger of derailment. 10. Special devices are used to detect hotboxes. 11. Railcars do not need locomotive. 12. They are equipped with Railcars-railroad cars power units. 13. Turbo trains carry passengers between the biggest cities of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and some other countries. 14. Some self-propelled cars carry special equipment for track-laying, inspecting and repairing railroad tracks.

11. Соотнесите термины с их определениями:

Locomotive Road Locomotive Switching Locomotive Turbo Train

Diesel-electric Locomotive Electric Locomotive Gas-turbine Locomotive Diesel-hydraulic Locomotive

Steam Locomotive Hotbox Detector Car Coupler Railcar

a) a locomotive which uses the force of hot gases to run turbines operating electric generators.

b) a gas turbine electric train.

c) a device that links cars together.

d) an engine at the head of the train used to pull or push cars.

e) a device installed at various points along the track to find hotboxes of locomotives.

f) a locomotive which uses a diesel engine to produce energy transmitted to the driving mechanism by means of high pressure fluids.

g) a locomotive which gets electric power from wires suspended above the track or from the third rail.

h) an engine that moves cars from track to track in rail yards.

i) a railroad car with a built-in power unit.

j) a locomotive which uses an oil-burning diesel engine to turn an electric generator that produces electric power.

k) an engine that pulls passenger or freight trains along the railroad line.

l) a locomotive which burns coal or fuel oil to produce steam.

(Locomotive) - d) (Road Locomotive) - k) (Switching Locomotive) - h) (Turbo Train) - b) (Diesel-electric Locomotive) - j) (Electric Locomotive) - g) (Gas-turbine Locomotive) - a) (Diesel-hydraulic Locomotive) - f) (Steam Locomotive) - l) (Hotbox Detector) - e) (Car Coupler) - c) (Railcar) - i)