Principles 26 страница

Youniss, J., Bales, S., Christmas-Best, V., Diversi, M., McLaughlin, M., & Silberecisen, R. (2002). Youth civic engagement in the twenty-first century. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 121–148.

Youniss, J., McLellan, J., & Yates, M. (1997). What we know about engendering civic identity. American Behavioral Scientists, 40, 620–631.

YouthAction. (1998). Why youth organizing? Albuquerque, NM: Author. Youth in Focus. (2004). Measuring up and throwing down! Evaluation and self-

assessment tools for youth organizing groups. Oakland, CA: Movement Strategy Center.

Youth Liberation Program. (1977). Youth liberation of Ann Arbor. In B. Gross & R. Gross (eds. ), The children’s rights movement: Overcoming the oppression of young people (pp. 329–333). Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.

Youth Organizing (1998). Notes from the Field. A report from a youth organizer/funder. Retreat, Pocantico Center, New York, December 11–12.

Youth United for Change. (2005). Mobilizing students. Philadelphia, PA: Author. Zachary, E. (2000). What makes up community leadership competence? Journal

of Community Practice, 7(1), 71–93.

Zeldin, S., McDaniel, A. K., Topitzes, D., & Calvert, M. (2001). Youth in decision-making: A study on the impacts of youth on adults and organizations. Washington, D. C.: Innovation Center for Community and Youth Development.

Zelizer, V. A. (1985). Pricing the priceless child: The changing social value of children.

New York: Basic Books.

Zimmerman, K. (2004). Making space, making change: Profiles of youth and youth-

driven organizations. Oakland, CA: Young Wisdom Project.

Zimmerman, M. A., & Warshausky, S. (1998). Empowerment theory for reha-bilitation research: Conceptual and methodological issues. Rehabilitation Psy-chology, 43, 3–16.

Index

ACORN. See Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now

Activism. See also Historical precedents

global, 165–67

hip-hop, 59–63, 169, 206, 210–212

intergenerational, 159–62

Adaptability, empowerment linked to, 104

Adolescents, population increase in, 4–5

Adultism, 28–34, 109. See also Oppression

definitions of, 29–30

‘‘dry run’’ vs. real power shift, 201–202

language imbued with, 29 oppression through, 32, 198 persistence of, 216 stereotypes of youth, 9, 38, 63

Adult-Led with Youth as Limited Partners model, 69f, 70

Adult-Led with Youth Participation model, 69f, 70

Adults. See also Organization models adultism, 28–34, 38, 109, 198,

201–202, 216

as allies, 69f, 70, 122, 170–171

decision-making role, 169–170

domination by, 28

empowering youth vs. respecting

elders, 198

leadership involving working with, 122

reeducation of, 198

African American. See also Civil Rights movement; Hip-hop activism; Youth of color

gender demographics, 5 urban culture, 59–63, 169, 206

Age. See also Rights, youth

250 INDEX

Age (continued)

of candidacy, 38

of consent, 38

drinking, 38

driving, 38

growing out of youth organizer role, 197–198

of majority, 38

-related issues, 168–169 screening according to, 136 voting, 38

Alinsky, Saul, 43, 44, 110

test of self-interest issue, 135

Allies

adults as, 69f, 70, 122, 170–171 as framework element, 76f, 77f,

91–92

framework including, 91–92 Hyde/Jackson Square community,

Youth-Led with Adult Allies organization model, 69f, 70

American Youth Congress, 36

AmeriCorps volunteers, 158

Anger (at social injustice), leadership

requiring, 120 Applied Research Center

on funding youth development projects, 157

on youth-led organizing, 52 Asian American

gender demographics, 5 South Asian Youth Action, 145

Aspen Institute Roundtable on Community Change, on structural racism, 50

Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), 44

Balance, Young Wisdom Project on self-care and, 155

Barriers, Williams’ identification of key, 194–195

Books Not Bars, 61

Boston University School of Social Work, 176

Bringing it Together (James), 173

‘‘Burnout, ’’ youths’ susceptibility to, 199–200

Bynoe, Y., on contributions from hip-hop music, 62–63

California Fund for Youth Organizing, 7

Center for Economic and Social Justice, universal principle of justice, 24

Center for Social and Economic Justice, 23

Center for Third World Organizing (CTWO), 45

Checkoway, B., 6–7

on forums for youth participation, 49

Child labor laws, 38

Child Welfare Across Borders, 26 Christian youth, 169 Citizenship

democracy dependent upon, 23–24

Gibson on, 20–21

Roche on, 36

Civil Rights movement, 43, 46, 55. See also African American

Communication

as framework element, 76f, 77f, 92–93

leadership requiring, 123

power of media coverage, 201, 206 role in youth-led organizing,

162–167

technologic, 163–167, 206

word of mouth, 206

Communities of identity, Staples on, 45– 46

Community change, 151–152. See also Hyde/Jackson Square community

Aspen Institute Roundtable on, 50 Association of Community

Organizations for Reform Now, 44

evaluating, 205–206

outside vs. inside agents for, 208–209

youth-led field highlighting, 49

INDEX

Community Programs to Promote Youth Development (Eccles and Gootman), 46

Community youth development (CYD), 37

Competencies

critical reflection, 141–142

critical (analytical) thinking skills, 119, 123

interpersonal skills, 121–122, 136 media skills, 167 reading skills, 123

youth organizing requiring, 10–11 Corporal punishment, 38

Council on Social Work Education, social and economic injustice in, 24

Counseling, 144–145 Crosscutting themes categories of, 149

positive change for individual and community, 151–152

purpose of organizing, 150

research informing, 148–149

short and long term goals, 150–151

CTWO. See Center for Third World Organizing

Culture clash, 210–212 Culture, youth

forms of, 61

urban black, 59–63, 169 value of, 59–63, 169, 206

Curfews, 38

Cyber-participation, 165, 166–167

CYD. See Community youth

development

DART. See Direct Action and Research Training Center

Declaration of the Rights of American Youth, 36

Democracy

definition of, 96

e-democracy, 164

Gibson on healthy, 23

participatory, 95–110, 105t

youth as citizenry, 23–24, 36

Demographic profile

LGBT movement, 42 screening according to, 136 shifts in, 4–5, 39

Development, youth, 35, 46, 47, 48, 54. See also Goals; Leadership

Applied Research Center on project funding, 157

Community Programs to Promote Youth Development, 46

Community Youth Development, 37

definition of, 47

goals for, 54

Innovation Center for Community and, 204

James on holistic, 173

United Nations Ad Hoc Working Group for Youth and Millennium Development Goals, 35

Youth Leadership for Development Initiative, 134–135

Direct Action and Research Training Center (DART), 45

Discrimination, toward youth, 28. See also Rights, youth

Documentation, role of, in evaluation process, 204

Drinking age, 38

Driving age, 38

Eccles, J., 46

E-democracy, 164

Elitism, 109

Emancipation, 38. See also Oppression Emotional maturity

dysfunctional rescuing, 32–33

‘‘keep on keepin’ on, ’’ 196–197

patience, 118

praxis, 141–142

screening according to, 136 self-care and balance, 155 self-regulatory behavior, 195–196

Empowerment. See also Power, youth genuine shift to youth, 10, 201–202 helping paradigm/traditional model

vs. model of, 104–106, 105t

resiliency linked to, 104

Southern Empowerment Project, 45

of youth, respecting elders vs., 198

252 INDEX

Engagement, Forum for Youth Investment on stages of, 49–50

Enhancement, youth, 47– 48. See also Development, youth

Equity, 38. See also Rights, youth Evaluation process

dissemination of findings, 206 documentation as part of, 204 failures and successes, 196–197 self-, 203

of social-change efforts, 205–206

Fairness, 27–28, 35

Family, as facilitating and hindering, 159–162

Fertman, C. I., 111, 114–115, 116 Forum for Youth Investment, five stages of youth engagement,

49–50

Fun. See also Culture, youth

-related activities, support for, 155

significance of, 215

Funding, 156–159. See also Resources Applied Research Center

on, 157

California Fund for Youth Organizing, 7

calling youth-led organizing by another name, 209–210

community organizing requiring, 76f, 77f, 90–91

diversified sources of, 158–159 grants, 158

wages for participants, 135, 199

Gamaliel Foundation, 45 Gangs, 169

stereotypes of, 63 youth-organizing vs., 109

GBIO. See Greater Boston Interfaith Organization

GCO. See Grassroots community organizing

Generation gap, Kim and Sherman on, 195

Geographical availability, screening according to, 136

Gibson, C., on civic engagement of

youth, 20–21, 23

Global activism, 165–167

Goals. See also Development, youth framework including, 76f, 77f, 88 mentoring, 125

of participation, 130–131 screening according to, 136 short and long term, 150–151 Staples on recruitment, 134 United Nations Ad Hoc Working

Group for Youth and Millennium Development Goals, 35

youth development, 54 youth-led organizing requiring

delineated, 76f, 77f, 88 Golombek, S. B., on cyber-

participation, 165, 166–167 Gootman, J. A., 46

Grassroots community organizing (GCO), 19, 50

recruitment methods, 132–133 Grassroots Leadership, 45 Greater Boston Interfaith

Organization (GBIO), 45 Group dynamics, training programs

involving, 141 Group structure, 167–169 Gulag schools, 38

Hazen Foundation, on leadership competencies, 123, 148

Helping paradigm, traditional model vs. empowerment model, 104–106, 105t, 211

Hierarchy

Hierarchy, ‘‘ladder of leadership, ’’ 142, 169–170

Hip-hop activism, 59–63, 169, 206, 210–212

Books Not Bars, 61 rap music’s role, 62 Historical precedents, 43

Civil Rights movement, 46, 55 Hyde/Jackson Square community,

176–187

student power, 56

Vietnam War, 43, 56

INDEX

youth-led community organizing, 42– 46, 54–59, 58f

youth-led fields, 46–54 Hoose, P., historical youth-led

contributions to society, 54, 55 HoSang, D., 148, 149

on holistic perspective, 52–53 Hyde/Jackson Square community,

176–187

commentary and analysis of, 187–193 development history of, 179–180 future of, 185–187 Youth First, 180–183

Identity organizing, 46 Information technology, 164–167 Innovation Center for Community

and Youth Development, on required outcomes for individual participants, 204

Intergenerational activism, as facilitating and hindering force, 159–62

Intermediary organizations, 63

Internet communication, 163–167, 206

Interventions, youth-led, 6, 7, 47– 49

professional respect for, 19

James, T., 19, 149, 173, 207 Justice. See also Social justice

‘‘justice as fairness, ’’ 27–28 leadership requiring belief in,

120–121

universal principle of, 24

Kids First, 61

Kim, J., on generation gap, 195 Knucklehead to Revolutionary

(Rios), 213

‘‘Ladder of leadership, ’’ 169–170 Latinos, gender demographics, 5 Leadership

characteristics of effective, 118–125 definition of, 112–115 development, 111–126, 153 framework including, 86 ‘‘ladder of leadership, ’’ 169–170

Linden and Fertman on, 111, 114–115, 116

manifestations of, 115–116 recruitment and support for

developing, 153

screening according to potential for, 136

tensions and dilemmas of, 117 time commitment required for,

119–120

toolbox, 122

transformational, 114–115

youth-led community organizing requiring, 76f, 77f, 86

Learning

fun-related activities for, 155, 215

hands-on immersion method, 141

leadership requiring, 122–23

outcomes for individual

participants, 204–205 preparation stage methods for,

140–142

recruitment and support for, 154 tutoring aiding, 144 visualization method of, 141

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) movement, 42

LGBT movement. See Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered movement

Life-threatening needs, 144 Linden, J. A., 111, 114–115, 116 LISTEN, Inc.

on emergence of youth organizing, 48

youth organizing concept, 8 youth-led movement and social

justice movement, 38 Literacy, leadership requiring, 123 Long-term consequences, leaders’

perspective including, 118

Marginalization, 19–21, 145. See also Oppression

adult allies vs., 122 hip-hop culture vs., 61–63 urban black youth’s, 61

254 INDEX

Maximizing Opportunities for Young People (Wheeler), 127

McGillicuddy, K., 19, 33, 167 Media coverage, 201, 206. See also

Technologic communication Mentoring

definitions/goals of, 124–125 marginalized youth benefiting

from, 145

tutoring, 144

Mickey Mouse community service, 59 Midwest Academy, 45

Models of organization. See Organization models

Mokwena, S., respecting elders, 198

National Housing Institute, 45

National Organizers Alliance, 45

National People’s Action (NPA), 44

National Youth Rights Association, 33

Newcomers, 4, 27, 28

NPA. See National People’s Action

O’Kane, C., 27, 35

OLTC. See Organizing and Leadership Training Center

Open-mindedness, leadership requiring, 118–119

Oppression, 20, 32, 38, 137–139, 211. See also Marginalization

language perpetuating, 29 personal experience of, 18–19

Organization models, 66–70, 69f. See also Participation

Adult-Led with Youth as Limited Partners, 69f, 70

Adult-Led with Youth Participation, 69f, 70

bridging academia and practice, 69 Youth-Adult Collaborative

Partnership, 69f, 70 Youth-Led with Adult Allies,

69f, 70

Organizational settings, 63–68, 169 house meetings, 133

schools, 66, 206 ORGANIZE! Training Center

(OTC), 45

Organizing and Leadership Training

Center (OLTC), 45

OTC. See ORGANIZE! Training

Center

Pacific Institute for Community Organization (PICO), 44

Pacific Islander, gender demographics, 5

Paradigm

of helping others, 104–106, 105t youth-led organizing, 6, 7, 10

Parents

as facilitating and hindering force, 159–162

immigrant, challenges to, 28 Participation. See also Organization

models; Recruitment; Roles (of youth participants)

Checkoway on forums for, 49 cyber-, 165, 166–167 framework for youth-led

organizing, 85–86 framework including, 85–86 goals of, 130–131 remuneration for, 135, 199 required outcomes for, 204 support/counseling in exchange

for, 144–145, 152

youth-led community organizing requiring, 76f, 77f, 85–86

youth-led organizing and participatory democracy, 95–110, 105t

Participatory democracy, 95–110, 105t elements of forms of, 99–101 evolution of, 101–106

rationale of, 96–98

Patience, leadership requiring, 118 Peer-exchange programs, 206 Peer-group supervision, 145, 206 PICO. See Pacific Institute for

Community Organization Planning, for recruitment and support

of participants, 152 Pluralist political theory, 6 Poverty, ethnic/racial

demographics vs., 5

INDEX

Power, youth, 10, 45, 104–106, 105t, 198, 201–202

organization models relative to, 69f, 70

student, historical roots of, 56 youth-led field highlighting

distribution of, 49 Praxis, 141–142 Preparation stage, 137–140

methods, tools, techniques, 140–142

self-discovery involved in, 137–138 topics for training program,

139–140

Principles

justice, 24, 27–28, 120–121 social justice, 24–28, 36, 38, 42,

120–121

youth-led community organizing, 76f, 77f, 81–83

Problem-solving abilities, leadership requiring, 123

Quiroz-Martinez, J., 148, 149

Rap music

providing insight, 62

shaping organizational process, 169 Rawls, J., ‘‘justice as fairness, ’’

27–28

RCNO. See Regional Council of Neighborhood Organizations

Recruitment, 128–135 challenges of, 129–132 focus of, 133–135 leadership development,

111–126, 153

methods of, 132–133

multiple points of entry, 135

relationship-building process of, 132

role of communications

technology, 135

Staples on goals of, 134

strategic planning process for, 152

Youth Leadership for Development

Initiative on, 134–135 Regional Council of Neighborhood

Organizations (RCNO), 45

Request for proposal (RFP), 185

Rescuing, dysfunctional, 32–33

Research informing, framework

including, 78–80

Resiliency, empowerment linked

to, 104

Resources. See also Funding calling youth-led organizing by

another name, 209–210 framework including, 90–91 information technology for/as,

164–67

locating, 207–8

unequal distribution of, 27 youth-led community organizing

requiring, 76f, 77f, 90–91 Respect

challenges of youth obtaining, 31, 200–201

for culture, immigrant parents’ challenges, 28

for elders, 198 professional, for youth-led

interventions, 19

RFP. See Request for proposal Rights, youth, 34–39. See also Age;

Equity; Social justice child labor laws, 38

Child Welfare Across Borders, 26 Declaration of the Rights of

American Youth, 36

inclusion vs. exclusion, 39

key issues, 38, 64, 135, 168–169

Kids First, 61

National Youth Rights Association on, 34

O’Kane on social domains for child/youth rights, 35

right to work, 38

United Nations Ad Hoc Working Group for Youth and Millennium Development Goals, 35

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 35

Youth First organization, 176–186, 187–193

Youth Solidarity Summer, 138 Rios, V. M., 213

256 INDEX

Risk-taking

leadership requiring, 123–124 Teen Risk-Taking: A Statistical

Portrait, 5–6

Roche, J., on citizenship, 36

Role-playing workshops, 141

Roles (of youth participants),

139–140. See also Leadership; Organization models

adult support of, 170–171 in decision-making, 169–170 dictated by youth, 8–9 outgrowing one’s, 197–198

Roosevelt, E., on youth/adult power relations, 34

SAYA. See South Asian Youth

Action

Schools, 66, 206

unschooling, 38 Screening process, 136–137 Self

-care, Young Wisdom Project on balance and, 155

-discovery, 137–138

-efficacy, leadership requiring belief in, 120–121

-evaluation process, 203

-interest test, 135

-reflection, 141–142

-regulatory behavior,

195–196

SEP. See Southern Empowerment Project

Sherman, R. F., 156–157, 195 Social justice, 25–28. See also Justice

agenda for, 37

belief in, 120–121

Center for Economic and Social Justice, 24

child labor laws, 38

Child Welfare Across Borders, 26 -driven model, 36–37 injustice vs., 24, 120 LISTEN, Inc. on social justice

movement, 38

for newcomers, 27

principles of, 26

Weil’s definition of, 24–25 Youth and Social Justice, 42

Social reform vs. individual treatment issue, 42

Social work

Boston University School of Social Work, 176

Council on Social Work Education, 24

formal practice of, vs. community organizing, 42

as profession, 42

Social Worker’s Code of Ethics, 24 Socio-demographic profiles, 4–5 South Asian Youth Action

(SAYA), 145

Southern Empowerment Project (SEP), 45

Staffing, 76f, 77f, 86–87, 189 framework including, 76f, 77f,

86–87

Staples, L., 45– 46, 134

Status quo questioning, leadership requiring, 121

Stereotypes. See also Adultism; Communication; Respect

apathetic young people, 9 gang members, 63 perpetrators of crime, 63 Weiss on, 38

Stipends, 135

Strategy

framework including, 76f, 77f, 89–90 outside vs. inside agents of change,

208–209

recruitment, 152

youth-led community organizing requiring, 76f, 77f, 89–90

Street theater, 169, 206 Structure, youth-led community

organizing requiring, 76f, 77f, 87 Supervision, marginalized youth

benefiting from, 145 Support (of participants) academic learning, 154

adult roles in offering, 170–171 in exchange for participation,

144–145, 152

INDEX

in fun-related activities, 155 leadership develoment, 153 planning for, 152

Supremacism, 29. See also Adultism

Tactics, 76f, 77f, 89–90 framework including, 76f, 77f,

89–90

outside vs. inside agents of change, 208–209

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