THE GARUDA PURANA 47 страница

86-87. He who takes out a morsel from another’s mouth becomes a blockhead. He who steals the deity's utensils suffers from gandamdlS 1. He who observes religion without sincerity suffers from a skin disease.

88. A treacherous fellow suffers from head-ache. He who is against Siva suffers from the disease of genital organ.

89. And the women too who commit these sins suffer in the similar way or they become wives of persons suffering in the aforesaid manner.

90. After their present life they reach hell. Know that I have told you all this in short, O bird! Just as there are many kinds of disease so also there are many kinds of man.

1. Inflammation of the glands of the neck.

91. In this way, due to the variety of their actions, men attain happiness or grief. Thus, I have told you about the strangeness of human nature. Good actions give good results and bad actions give bad results.

92. In this way your queries are answered completely.

CHAPTER THREE.

Description of Hell.

Snta said:

1. Thus encouraged, Garuda asked about the description of Hells, being curious to know about their nature and function.

Garuda said:

2. O Lord, tell me about the nature and division of hells where the evil-doers are thrown mercilessly.

Lord Kfwa said:

3. O younger brother of Aruna, there are thousands of hells. It is not possible to describe all of them in detail. I shail tell you about the principal hells thoroughly.

4. The principal hell is Raurava. The person who tells lies and gives false evidence goes to this hell.

5. Raurava is two thousand yojanas in measurement.

There is a knee-deep pit, difficult to cross.

6. It is levelled upto the ground by a heap of burning coal. And the ground there is well-heated by fire.

7. The servants of Yama leave the sinner there in the middle. Burnt by burning fire he runs helter-skelter.

8. At every step his foot is burnt. Day and night he moves here and there lifting and putting his feet.

9. There he is left along a thousand Yojanas. Then for the purgation of remaining sins he goes to other hells.

10. Thus I have told you about the first hell named Raurava. Now, O bird, hear about the hell called Mah& raurava.

11. It is five thousand Yojanas in measurement. It lias copper-coloured earth scorched below.

12. When heated by it, the earth shines like lightning.

It appears extremely fierce to the sinner.

13. The servants of Yama tie hands and feet of the sinner and throw him in this hell where he goes down rolling.

14. While rolling down in the way he is bit by fearful crows, cranes, ants, mosquitoes and scorpions.

15. Thus being burnt, he loses his wits and cries restlessly, ‘O father, O father, ' again and again, but attains no peace.

16. The persons who have committed sins with bad intentions are thrown into this hell and get release from there only from myriads of years.

17. Then there is another hell by name and nature Attilta (very cold). It is as big as Mah& raurava and full of dense darkness.

18. There in the fierce darkness, the sinners are tied and left, suffering from cold. Meeting each other they clasp lightly.

19. Shivering with cold their teeth sound loudly. Even there the overpowering trouble of hunger and thirst exists, O Garuda.

20. The fierce wind blowing over the blocks of ice pierces the bones. The hungry men consume decayed marrow, blood and bones.

21. Meeting together and clasping each other they wander here and there. The persons who had been hoarding wealth suffer too much in that darkness, O the best of birds.

22. Then there is another hell called Nrkrntana.

23. A series of potter’s wheel is moving round and round there, O bird. There the sinners, whose feet and head are tied by a string are held by Yama's servants in their fingers.

24-25. O bird, their life is not destroyed but their organs are cut into hundred pieces and restored again to their original position. Thus for thousands of years, the sinners rotate till their sms are exhausted completely.

26-27. Now hear, I shall tell you about the hell named Aprati? fha» The people who go to this hell suffer intensely.

There too the potter’s wheels and the ghafiyantra operate constantly.

28. Those sinners who had caused untold sufferings to men are placed there on the potter’s wheels and rotate incessantly.

29. They remain there for thousands of years, tied as they are to ghafiyantra 1 like the water-pots.

30. The sinners rotate there vomitting blood again and again. Their intestines come out through mouth and their eyes are suspended by intestines.

31. Now hear about another hell named Asipatravana, where the sinners suffer unbearable miseries.

32-33. There over a thousand Tojanas a fierce fire burns with seven fierce rays. The sinners thrown in this hell feel burnt without recess. In the midst is seen a tree with a big trunk, overgrown with cool and smooth leaves which are torn here and there, O Garutfa.

34-36. There powerful dogs roam about, always eager to eat meat. They have fierce jaws, fierce mouths and are powerful like tigers. Then seeing in front, the forest with cool shade, the miserable sinners suffer from hunger and heat, run to it, crying ‘O mother, O brother, O father.

37-38. Then their feet burn by the ground-fire. Still then, a very cool wind blows forcefully which makes those sharp blades fall upon them Gut into pieces they fall in the burning fire.

39-40. Then the licking dogs tear their bodies into pieces even as they weep woefully. Thus I have told you about the Asipatravana.

41. Now hear about a more fierce hell called Taptakumbha, where all around are kept heated pitchers full of burning flames.

42. The pitchers are full of burning fire, hot oil and iron filings. Therein are thrown the sinners by the attendants of Yama.

1. A machine for raising water.

43. They (the attendants ofYama) boil their bodies disintegrating, marrow flowing out, heads, eyes and bones breaking.

44. Fierce vultures tear them taking them out and again throwing them in. They boil there till they are merged into oil.

45. When their head, limbs, sinews, flesh, skin and bones are liquefied, then Yama’s servants stir them with a ladle.

46. The sinners are boiled in oil in Yama’s abode. Thus I have narrated to you in detail about Tapta-Kumbha, O bird.

47-48. So the first hell is Raurava, the second Mahdr raurava, the third Attilta, the fourth Nifkrntana, the fifth Apratiffha and the sixth Asitapatravana and the seventh Taptakumbha. These are the seven hells.

49. We hear about some other hells also where the sinners fall according to their sins.

50-53. They are Rodha, Sukara 9 Tdla, Taptakumbha, Mahdjvala, Sab ala, Vimohana, Krimi, Krmibhak$a, Ldldbhakfa,

Vifddjana 9

AdhahTnas, Pdyavaha, Rudhirdndha, Vidbhuj, Vaitarani, Asipatra Vana, Agnijvdla, Mahdghora, Sandarhia, Abhojana, Tamos, Kdlasutra, Loha, Abhida, Apratiffha, 54. These dark hells are situated in Yama’s country.

Herein fall the sinners in the order of their sins.

55. These hells, Raurava, etc, lie below the earth. Now hear about the sins which drive the sinners to particular hells.

56. A man who kills a cow, a foetus or indulges in arson, falls in Rodha. A killer of brahmana falls in Sukara. So also a drunkard, a stealer of gold, a killer of ksatriya or vai$ya falls in Tala.

57. He who kills a brahmana or defiles his teacher’s bed or has sexual union with his sister falls in Taptakumbha. So also a soldier who speaks lies.

58. In the similar way, he who sells liquor or he who discards a devotee also falls there.

59. He who co-habits with his daughter or daughter-inlaw, he who sells Veda, or he who blames the Vedas falls into Mahajv& la.

60. He who insults his teacher or abuses him or he who co-habits with an unworthy woman falls into Sabala.

61. He who transgresses codes of moral conduct prescribed for the conduct of war falls into Vimohana. He who does an undesirable act falls into Kpnibhak$a.

62-63. He who holds no honour for deities or the twiceborn brihmarias falls into Lal& bhaksa. A potter who digs pits or a physician who flouts trust or a person who sets fire to parks, falls into Vi$& ftjana. So also a brahmana who receives prohibited gifts or performs sacrifice for a wrong person.

64-65. Or a K$atriya who does not live by valour falls into Adhomukha. He who sc? 11s milk, liquor, meat or cuts wood or deals in scents, juices, gingelly seeds, falls into fierce Puyavaha. He who catches cocks, eats pigs, birds, deer and goats falls into this hell.

66-67. He who deals in buffaloes, or a juggler or he who sells liquor, an actor, or brahmana who is a bird-hunter or a village-priest who indulges in arson or he who administers poison or he who is a pump or he who sells soma, or a drunkard, a meat-eater or a killer of animals —

68. All these fall into Rudhirandha. Those who administer poison to their guests, sitting in a row, fall into the fierce hell Vi< Jbhuj. There is no doubt in this.

69. He who drinks wine falls into Vaitaranl. He who calls others by bad names falls into Mutra.

70. He who has not lived a pious life falls into Asitapatravana. So also he who is hot-tempered. A deer-hunter falls into Agnijv& la where he is eaten by the crows.

71. The person who breaks his vow during the course of sacrifice falls into SandamSa. So also brahmac& rins who discharge their semen in dream.

72. The fathers who are taught by their sons or who receive orders from them fall into Abhojana.

73. Those who perform acts violating the rules of their Var^a and Airama, on account of anger or pleasure go to hell.

74 There is the hotRaurava above and the cold Tamasa below.

75. In this way, the hells are situated one below the other. The climax of misery is due to bad acts.

76. And the climax of joy accrues from good acts. The gods look down and see the fierce hells.

77. The sinners of hell also look up and see the gods above. There are thus hundreds of hells, O bird.

78-79. Daily in the hell, the sinners are cooked, burnt, torn, broken, pounded, moistened, boiled, heated and blown by winds. A day in hell is equal to one hundred years of the mortal.

80-82. Having crossed these, the sinner is reborn as a worm, a germ, a fly, a one-hoofed creature, a wild elephant, a cow, an ass, a horse, a mule, a buffalo, jarabha, a camari, a six-hoofed animal or one having five nails. In these and other yonis he takes birth.

83. If born as a human being he becomes hunch-backed or a dwarf or a can< Jala in wretched yonis.

84. The sinner is born again and again and dies again and again till he has exhausted his sin and acquired virtue.

85. Then some time he steps into the yoni of Sudra or Vai£ ya or Ksatriya or Brahmana or a deity.

86. Thus I have told you how a sinner falls into hell.

Now I shall tell you how and where the virtuous go after death.

87. The virtuous obtain good yonis as directed by Yama.

Immediately after the soul leaves the body, the Gandharvas come singing and dancing, adorned with garlands and anklets.

88. And then appear splendid aerial cars decorated with sweet smelling garlands (which take the virtuous souls to heaven).

89-90. When their merits are exhausted, the virtuous souls fall from heaven and are born in the houses of kings or nobles of illustrious character, where they enjoy various pleasures. Thus men go up and down the ladder as stated before.

91. Death is certain for the mortals who are born on this earth. The soul of the sinner leaves the bpdy from the down ward path, undoubtedly.

92. Earth mingles with earth, water with water, fire with fire, air with air.

93. ]5ky mingles with sky, pervading all around. In the body there exist love, anger and five organs.

94. O Garucja, there abide thieves in the body in the form of love, anger and pride. Mind is the leader x> f all these.

95. Death is temporal. The jiva along with sins, virtues and five subtle organs enters into new body just as a householder enters into a new house when the old one is burnt.

96-98. In the body exist seven elements and seven Koias. All these exist in the body — urine, waste, allied matter, bile, cough, marrow, flesh, fat, bones, semen, sinews which are destroyed along with the body (when the soul departs).

99, Thus I have told you, O bird, about the end of all bodies. Now I shall tell you, O bird, how their body looks like.

100-102. It is a shrub of sinews adorned with three trunks, combined with organs and having nine openings. Full of sensual pleasures, love, anger, desire and envy, possessing a high way robber in the form of greed, caught in the net of avarice and covered by the cloth of affection. It is bound by illusion and inhabited by greed.

103. These qualities inhere in the bodies of all creatures.

Those who do not realize their self are nothing more than beasts.

104. Thus I have told you about the fourfold body.

Formerly, eightyfour yonis were created [for the jiva to pass through].

105. While narrating about the hell I told you about all these — that are born from the earth, from the sweat, from the eggs and from the embryo.

106. I shall tell you more as and when necessary or do you possess a desire to ask more?

CHAPTER FOUR.

Lord Krftia said:

1. Whatever sin a man commits consciously or unconsciously stands in need of purification by means of atonement.

2. The wise one should first perform ten types of baths beginning with bhasma. These should be observed as far as possible for six years repeatedly.

3. Or half of that or half of that or half of the half of that. Then as far as he can he should donate ten gifts. Now hear about them.

4. Cow, earth, gingelly seeds, gold, butter, cloth, grains, sugar, silver and salt — these are known as ten gifts.

5. He should make these gifts to those who have come during atonement. Then to cross the river Vaitarayi 1 full of pus and blood, at Yama’s door he should donate the Vaitaram cow.

6. A black cow with black udders is called Vaitaram 7-8. Gingelly seeds, iron, gold, cotton, salt, seven grains, earth and cow — these are all pure. These eight precious gifts should be given to a learned brahmana by the dying person. I. shall now tell you about the form of pada.

9. Umbrella, shoes, clothes, ring, gourd, seat, vessel and food — these are the eight kinds of pada.

10. A vessel full of gingelly seeds or butter and a bed with all its epuipment should be gifted or all those articles which are liked by the donor.

1 1. Horse, chariot, she-buffalo, fan and cloth — all these should be given to the brahmanas.

12-14. O Lord, these gifts and others should be given as far as possible. He who has done atonement, given ten gifts on this earth, or the gift of Vaitarani cow or eight gifts or the gifts of a vessel full of gingelly seeds or clarified butter or the gift of bed or of pada, as prescribed in the Sastras does not go hell.

The wise have prescribed the gift of salt to be given freely.

15. The salt is produced from the body ofVi? nu. When the soul of the dying person does not leave the body but lingers on, the salt should be gifted as it opens the door of the heaven.

16. Whatever gifts a man has given himself they all stand in his favour (at the hour of death).

17. O bird, the man who has completed atonement in all its parts is placed in heaven, after all his sins are washed away.

1. Name of the river of hell.

18. O noble bird, since the cow’s milk is nectar, whosoever gifts a cow attains immortality.

19. Whosoever gives the eight gifts lives in the abode of the Gandharvas.

20. He gets shelter even in the tortuous hell named Raudra where the sinners are burnt. If he gifts an umbrella, he encounters the comforting shade in the way.

21. So also he passes comfortably through the fierce Asipatravana. If he gifts shoes he moves there too mounting a hone.

22. If he gifts food and seat he eats sitting comfortably in the way. If he gifts a water-jar he feels comfortable even in the waterless region.

23. He who gifts clothes and ornaments liberally is not tortured by the fierce messengers of Yama who are black and yellow in colour.

24. O bird, if a vessel full of gingelly seeds is donated to a Brihmana it destroys all the three types of sins born out of his voice, body and mind.

25-26. If he gifts a vessel fiill of clarified butter he staysin Rudraloka. If he gifts a bed along with all its equipment he rides an aerial car in the company of fairies and enjoys in the abode of Indra for sixty-thousand years.

27-28. After falling down from Indraloka he becomes a monarch in this world. He who gifts a young faultless horse along with all equipment to a Brahmana lives in heaven, O bird, for years, equal to the number of hair on the body of a horse.

29-30. If he gifts a chariot drawn by four horses along with the contiguous equipment to a learned Brahmana he reaps the benefit of performing a Rajasuya. 1

31. If he donates to a Brahmana a milk-yielding buffalo with her plump hind parts, and a golden ornament on her forehead, accompanied by her satiated calf, what wonder ” there that he attains heaven.

1. A great sacrifice per fo rmed by a universal monarch (in which the tributary princes also took part) at the time of his coronation as a mark of his undisputed sovereignty.

32. If he donates a fan ( Tdlaprnta ), he is fanned by air in the way. If he donates cloth he becomes full of lustre, wealth and prosperity, 33. If he donates ahorse along with salt food and other ingredients to a Brahmana, his family does not suffer a break and he goes to heaven after death.

34. O bird there is a difference in result according to faith and gifts.

35. He who donates water and salt gets enjoyment in distress.

36. He who donates food with a heart purified by faith is satiated even without food.

37. If he accepts sannyasa as prescribed in the sacred texts he is not reborn but is merged into Brahma itself.

38. If he dies at a sacred place he attains mok$a (release from re-birth) after dying there. If he dies in the way, each and every step he has taken in reaching this place procures for him the fruit of performing a sacrifice. There is no doubt in this.

39. If he undertakes a fast unto death he does not return to this world, O bird.

40. I have given the answer to your queries about gifts. Now, I shall tell you about the obsequies and the funeral rites of the deceased.

41. When it is ascertained that life has gone out of the body, the son should bathe and wash the corpse with pure water without delay.

42. Having clothed it afresh they should smear the body with the sandal-paste. The son or the successor should perform the ekoddiffa 1 rite afterwards.

43. Then the arrangement for cremating the corpse should be made as far as the means allow, 44. The following four should not be undertaken in the cremation rite: avahana, arcana, patr& lambha and avag& hana.

Let there be sankalpa for each gift and let there be a pin^adana.

1. Funeral rite performed for one definite individual deceased, not including other ancestors.

45. The fiveart icles common to every sacrifice should not be there. The libation of water should be given but not the trio:

46. Svadha-Vacana, A$is and Tilaka, O bird. A vessel full of mustard should be given. Iron should also be gifted.

47. The pinda-calana rite is followed but not the following three, pracchadana, visarga and svastivacana.

48-49. Procedure has been laid down for six £ raddhas, at six places; at the place of death, at the door, at the crossroads at the place of rest, on the wood-pile and at the collection rite. The dead body is called Sava at the place of death. The deity Earth is pleased thereby.

50. It is called pantha at the door; the deity Vastu is pleased. It is called khecara at the crossroads; the deity Bhuta is pleased.

51. It is called bhuta in the resting place. The ten quarters are satisfied thereby. It is called sadhaka on the pyre and preta at the collection-rite.

52. Holding gingelly seeds, darbha, clarified butter, the sons and other relatives go round the pyre reciting gatha or the sukta of Yama.

53. Taking cow, horse, man and bull everyday Yama is not satiated just as a wicked person is not satiated with wine.

54. They should recite the gathd 1 2 or the hymn apetaP in the way. The relatives accompany the corpse to a forest in the southern direction.

55# O bird, in the aforesaid manner the two £ raddhas should be performed in the way.

56. Then the corpse should be laid lightly on the earth with its head to the south and the aforesaid sraddha should be performed. The sons should fetch dry grass, dry pieces of wood and gingelly seeds.

57. If these are fetched by a Sudra each and every act done in favour of the deceased would go futile. The performer of the funeral rite should wear the sacred thread over the right shoulder and should sit, along with the mourners, facing the south.

1. A religious verse but not belonging to any one of the Vedas.

2. RV. 10. 14. 9.

58. O bird, an altar should be made there as prescribed.

The cloth for the corpse should be torn into twofold pieces and the corpse should be covered with the one-half.

59. The other half should be spread over the earth.

The pinda should be kept in the hand of the deceased as stated before.

60. The corpse should be anointed with the clarified butter. Now hear about the pintfa-vidhi for the deceased prior to his cremation.

61. By virtue of the aforesaid five pindas, the departed soul attains fitness for becoming a mane ( pitar ). Or else, it attains the form of a demon.

62. Having cleansed and smeared the ground at the altar, the fire should be lit as prescribed.

63-64. Having worshipped the deity named Kravy& da with flowers and grains of rice, the wise man should lighten fire according to the Vedic rites, but avoid candala, citk or patita fires.

65. “You are the creator of creatures, the birth-place of the world, the protector of the people. Please therefore, consume the corpse and carry the soul to the heaven” — having thus worshipped the deity Kravy& da, — the meatdevouring firegod, he should set fire to the corpse.

66-68. When the body is half-burnt, a quantity of clarified butter should be poured over it with the mantra: ‘You are born from it, you be born again. Let this be for heaven, Svaha’. He should recite this mantra announcing the name of the deceased and pour forth butter along with the gingelly seeds while the relatives weep loudly. This gives comfort to the departed soul (still wandering in the air). After cremating the corpse the rite of collection should be done there.

69-70. O bird, Preta-pinda is given in order to comfort the deceased. Then having circumambulated the pyre and casting a mournful look at it, the mourners should go for bath muttering the hymn, with the youth marching ahead.

71. Then having reached water and washed cloth, they should w£ ar the same saying for the deceased — we are taking bath.

72-73. Then they all, each wearing one cloth only, with shaven heads, wearing the sacred thread over the right shoulder should enter water silently.

74-76. The bathers should not agitate water. Then coming out of the water to the bank, tying their Sikha (knot of hair in the centre of the head ) they should take in their right hand Ku$as and water with the gingelly seeds and offer the same in the southern direction, pouring it from thepaitfkatirtha over the earth silently once, thrice or ten times.

77. ‘Be gratified, be gratified with this pin^a, O preta of such and such gotra. Let this water reach you, ' reciting this formula he should let the water go down.

78. After giving the water offerings he should cleanse his teeth, O bird. The water-offering shall be done regularly for nine days by all his kith and kin.

79. Then coming out of water, they wear the same clothes as before, while they wrinse the bathing dress which they spread over the clean earth (for drying).

80. They should abstain from shedding tears while giving the water-offerings after cremation. But if they shed tears and vomit cough, the departed spirit consumes the same helplessly.

81. Hence, they should neither weep nor cough. The entire ritual should be performed according to the means.

82-85. And when they have sat quietly, a learned person well versed in the Purai^a should alleviate their sorrow discoursing on the temporality of time and the unsubstantial nature of the universe. He should tell them about the hollowness of life and if anybody searches substance inside the human body resembling the trunk of a banana plant he is a perfect fool;

for it is like the water bubble. The body is constituted of five elements and if it goes back to the elements by virtue of bodily actions what is there to be lamented for? The earth, ocean and even deities are bound to be destroyed. The same fate awaits the universe which has arisen like a bubble. How it can escape destruction? Thus, he should speak to them about the transient nature of life, while they all sit on the soft grass in the courtyard of the cremation ground.

86-87. Having heard this, the mourners should return home with the youngsters walking in front. At the door of their house they should chew the margosa leaves, wrinse their mouths with water and touching cowdung, gingelly seeds, durva grass, coral, bull or any other auspicious thing and keeping their feet lightly on the stone should enter the house.

88-90. Ahitagni 1 should kindle the sacred fire according to the Vedic rites. He should not dig up the earth for less than two years. The water-offering should be made (on return to the house).

A woman who has been chaste and faithful to her husband should mount on the pyre after bowing to her (deceased)

husband before the funeral rites start. One who gets away from the pyre due to fainting should observe the vow named prajapatya.

91. One who ascends the pyre and follows up her husband stays in heaven for a period equal to the number of hair on the body, three and a half crore.

92. Just as the snake-charmer takes out the snake from the hole so also she takes out her husband from hell and enjoys with him in paradise.

93. She who ascends the pyre goes to heaven. She is praised by the celestial nymphs and enjoys with her husband so long as the fourteen Indras rule in heaven successively.

94. Even if the man has killed a brahmana or a friend or any other person of noble conduct he is purified of sins by his wife who ascends his pyre.

95. A woman who enters fire after the death df her husband prospers in the heaven like Arundhati.

96. Until and unless the woman burns herself after her husband’s death she is never released from the bond of her sex.

97. A woman who follows her husband purifies the three families on her mother’s side, the three families on her father’s side and the three families on her husband’s side.

98-100. That woman is chaste who is sad when her husband is sad, who is glad when her husband is glad and who pines when he is out of station and dies when he is dead.

Common rites are enjoined for all women right from brahmarii to Can^all except for those who are pregnant or who have young children.

1. Ajtwice-born who consecrates the sacred fire.

101. O bird, I have told you in general about the method of cremating the corpse. Do you want to hear something more with reference to it.

Garuda said:

102. If a man dies out of station and his bones too are destroyed, then how should the rite of cremation be performed.

Tell me, O lord of the world!

Lord Ktfna said:

103. If the bones of a person who died abroad are not available, I shall tell you about the procedure of rites of his death.

104-109. O Garuda, hear. I shall now tell you the great secret about the rite of death for those who die through serpent, tiger, toothed, head-breaking horned animals, disease, stone, water, brahmana, dog, nails, iron; those who die of hunger, poison, fire and choler&; those who are killed by a bull, a thief, a candala, a woman in her menses, £ unaki, sudra, washerman; those who commit suicide or die by fall from a tree, hill, wall or precipice; those who die in water, on cot, in firmament, in bondage; those who are killed by Ordhvocchista, Ardhocchistha or Ubhayocchista; those who die of wounds by weapon on horseback.

110-1 12. All these deaths are known as bad deaths where no rite of Aurdhvadehika or pinda-dana is performed. If the same is done by mistake it is all destroyed in the air.

113. But desiring welfare of the deceased and out of fear of the people’s reproach his sons or grandsons or sapindas should perform Ndrdyana Bali, O bird.

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