Skeletal System. Skeletal System Anatomy

1. Read the text. Find and write out the underlined words and word combinations in the first form. Write the transcription and translation of these words.

Skeletal System

The skeletal systemincludes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton providessupport and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones. Bones act as the body’s warehouse for calcium, iron, and energy in the form of fat. Finally, the skeleton grows throughout childhood and provides a framework for the rest of the body to grow along with it.

Skeletal System Anatomy

The skeletal system in an adult body is made up of 206 individual bones. These bones are arranged into two major divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton runs along the body’s midline axis and is made up of 80 bones in the following regions:

Skull
Hyoid
Auditoryossicles
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebralcolumn

The appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones in the folowing regions:

Upperlimbs
Lowerlimbs
Pelvicgirdle
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

Types of Bones
All of the bones of the body can be broken down into four types: long, short, flat, irregular.

Long. Long bones are longer than they are wide and are the major bones of the limbs. Long bones grow more than the other classes of bone throughout childhood. Examples of long bones include the femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Short. Short bones are about as long as they are wide and are often cubed or round in shape.
Flat. Flat bones vary greatly in size and shape. The frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and occipital bones of the cranium – along with the ribs and hip bones – are all examples of flat bones.
Irregular. Irregular bones have a shape that does not fit the pattern of the long, short, or flat bones. The vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx of the spine are irregular bones.

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