Surgery. References

Surgery

Weight loss surgery in those who are obese is an effective measure to treat diabetes. Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medication following surgery and long-term mortality is decreased. There however is some short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery. The body mass index cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear. It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.

References

· " Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol". International Diabetes Federation.

· " Diabetes Fact sheet N°312". WHO. October 2013.

· Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (July 2009). " Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes". Diabetes Care.

· Krishnasamy S, Abell TL (July 2018). " Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management". Diabetes Therapy.

· Saedi, E; Gheini, MR; Faiz, F; Arami, MA (15 September 2016). " Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments". World Journal of Diabetes.

· Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL (July 2014). " Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association".

· " Causes of Diabetes". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016.

· Ripsin, CM; Kang, H; Urban, RJ (January 2009). " Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus" (PDF). American Family Physician.

· Brutsaert, Erika F. (February 2017). " Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus". MSDManuals. com.

· " IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019" (PDF). www. diabetesatlas. org.

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