Если глагол оканчивается на одну согласную, перед которой стоит ударная гласная (закрытый ударный слог), то перед добавлением окончания -ED последняя согласная удваивается:
refer — referred
prefer — preferred
star — starred
stop — stopped
drop — dropped
rob — robbed
beg — begged
Если глагол оканчивается на две согласные, то просто добавляется окончание и ничего не меняется:
climb — climbed
comb — combed
start — started
Когда глагол состоит из нескольких слогов, и последний слог безударный, то последняя согласная не удваивается:
benefit — benefited
profit — profited
В британском варианте английского есть несколько глаголов-исключений, которые имеют удвоенную согласную перед окончанием -ED, несмотря на ударение:
Irregular verbs – это глаголы, которые образуют формы прошедшего неопределенного времени и причастия прошедшего времени особым образом
Примеры наиболее употребляемых неправильных глаголов
V1
V2
V3
be
Was/were
been
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
blow
blew
blown
Have
had
had
brake
broke
broken
bring
brought
brought
build
built
built
by
bought
bought
catch
caught
caught
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
cut
cut
cut
do
did
done
draw
drew
drown
drive
drove
driven
drink
drank
drunk
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
fly
flew
flown
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
freeze
froze
frozen
got
got
got
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grow
grew
grown
hang
hung
hung
hear
heard
heard
hold
held
held
hide
hid
hidden
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
know
knew
known
lead
led
led
leave
left
left
lose
lost
lost
lend
lent
lent
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
pay
paid
paid
put
put
put
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
send
sent
sent
shake
shook
shaken
shine
shone
shone
set
set
set
shoot
shot
shot
sink
sank
sunk
seat
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
speak
spoke
spoken
spend
spent
spent
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
swim
swam
swum
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
throw
threw
thrown
understand
understood
understood
wake
woke
woken
write
wrote
written
win
won
won
2. Past Continuous
Случаи употребления past continuous:
1. Действие, которое происходило (было в процессе) в точно
указанный момент в прошлом:
● указание точного времени: This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
● другое, более короткое по своей природе действие, выраженное в past simple: Ann was watching television when the phone rang.
2. Обозначение 2-х или более параллельных действий, совершавшихся
в прошлом:
I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
Sally was reading to the children while Kevin was washing up.
Маркеры past continuous: from 10 till 12 yesterday evening; when, while; at 5 o’clock two years ago
Past Continuous
Предложение
Образование
Пример
Утвердительное
I
Noun+was+Ving
I was waiting for you, when they came.
You/we/they
Noun+were+Ving
They were playing football yesterday at 9 pm
He/she/it
Noun+was+Ving
He was going to school, when he met his friend Josh
Отрицательное
I
Noun+was+not+Ving
I wasn’t swimming yesterday at 10 pm
You/we/they
Noun+were+not+Ving
They weren’t working yesterday, when I came.
He/she/it
Noun+was+not+Ving
He wasn’t playing, when I entered his room.
Вопросительное
I
Was+Noun+Ving
What was I doing at 9 o’clock a year ago? Are you kidding me? I don’t remember!
You/we/they
Were+Noun+Ving
What were you doing, when your boss came?
He/she/it
Was+Noun+Ving
Where was she going, when she met her old friend Seymour?
Различия Past Simple и Past Continuous. Примеры.
Past simple
Past continuous
1.__When I was a little kid, we often wentto the cinema with my parents
2.______Yesterday I went to bed earlier than usual. __________
3.________We played tennis yesterday___________
4.____I read the book and went to bed._______________
5.______We often hunted with my father in the forest, when I was younger. _____________
…
1.____When I was going to the cinema, I met Judie. _______
2._____When I was going to bed I suddenly remembered, that I had forgotten to do my homework.___________
3._____We were playing tennis from 9.30 till 10.00 ___________
4.____When I was reading, I fell asleep. ____________
5.___Once he was hunting in the forest. Suddenly, he heard a strange noise and noticed a little bear cub under the pine. _____________
…
ЗАНЯТИЕ 4
3. Past Perfect
Случаи употребления past perfect:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Предложение
Образование
Пример
Утвердительное
I
Noun+had+V3/ed
You/we/they
He/she/it
Отрицательное
I
Noun+had+not/hadn’t+V3/ed
You/we/they
He/she/it
Вопросительное
I
Had+Noun+V3/ed
You/we/they
He/she/it
Различия Past Perfect, Present Perfect, Past Simple
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Past simple
Действие завершилось до другого действия в прошлом, НЕТ ОТНОШЕНИЯ К НАСТОЯЩЕМУ:
1.She had already cooked the dinner, when her husband came.
2.He noticed, that his brother had just gone.
3. I had done it by 9 pm
Завершенное действие, ИМЕЕТ ОТНОШЕНИЕ К НАСТОЯЩЕМУ:
1.Oh! You have cooked a wonderful dish. It’s so tasty.
2.- Where is Mitch?
- He has just gone.
3. FinallyI have done it! Let’s have a look.
Действие завершилось в определенной точке в прошлом.
1.I cooked a wonderful dinner yesterday
2.My brother went for a walk earlier this morning.
3. I did it at 9 pm
4. Past Perfect Continuous
Случаи употребления Past Perfect Continuous:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Предложение
Образование
Пример
Утвердительное
I
Noun+had+been+Ving
You/we/they
He/she/it
Отрицательное
I
Noun+had+not/hadn’t+been+Ving
You/we/they
He/she/it
Вопросительное
I
Had+Noun+been+Ving
You/we/they
He/she/it
Различия Past Perfect, Past Continuous и Past Perfect Continuous
Время
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Когда употребляется
Д-вие ДЛИЛОСЬ в определенный момент в прошлом, НО НАЧАЛО НЕ УКАЗАНО (отвечает на вопрос WHEN?)
Д-вие СОВЕРШИЛОСЬ
К определенному моменту в прошлом (отвечает на вопрос WHEN?)
Д-вие НАЧАЛОСЬ И ПРОДЛИЛОСЬ ДО определенного момента в прошлом (отвечает на вопрос HOW LONG?)
