Say in your words what microbiology is. Microbiology is a science that studies microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and others.

The questions before the text

1) Say in your words what microbiology is. Microbiology is a science that studies microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and others.

2) How many areas of microbiology do you know? There are bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, virology, parasitology and others.

3) What is the main subject of microbiological research? The main subject of microbiological research are microorganisms that can be studied using special equipment.

Ex. 2, pp. 202-204

1) Microorganisms are difficult to see with the naked eye.

2) The virus carries hereditary information.

3) Infection is a complex biological process that occurs as a result of the penetration of pathogenic microbes into the body and a violation of the constancy of its internal environment.

4) Prokaryotes are used in medicine.

5) Running tests of devices are made in accordance with state standards.

6) Toxic waste can be divided into several groups: arsenic-containing inorganic solid waste; mercury-containing waste, etc.

7) Biochemical tests are used for screening - identifying a disease at a preclinical stage.

8) Eukaryotes have the nucleotide composition of individual DNA sequences.

9) The strain is an ecologically pure culture of the first species, which has the same morphological and physiological characteristics.

10) Chemical destruction of materials under the influence of environmental factors is biodegradation.

Ex. 3, pp. 202-204

1) Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are microscopic and unicellular organisms.

2) ) Viruses, though not classed as living organisms, are also studied.

3) Many microbes are responsible for beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation, antibiotic production and others.

4) Microorganisms are beneficial for microbial biodegradation of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes.

5) Recent research has suggested that microorganisms could be useful in the treatment of cancer.

6) Microorganisms are used for the biotechnological production of biopolymers with tailored properties suitable for high-value medical application.

Ex. 4, pp. 204-205

1) What is microbiology? Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are microscopic and unicellular organisms.

2) Is microbiology connected with immunology? How? Yes, it is. Microbiology typically includes the study of or Immunology. The immune systems interact with pathogenic microbes.

3) Which branches of microbiology do you know? There are virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology and other branches.

4) Where are microbes used? They are used in industrial fermentation, antibiotic production, for the industrial production of amino acids, for the biotechnological production of biopolymers with tailored properties suitable for high-value medical application such as tissue engineering and drug delivery.

5) What do you know about Corynebacteriumglutamicum? This is one of the most important types of bacteria that is used to produce more than two million tons of amino acids.

6) What is produced by microorganisms? A variety of biopolymers, such as polysaccharides, polyesters, and polyamides. Also they are used for the biotechnological production of biopolymers with tailored properties suitable for high-value medical application such as tissue engineering and drug delivery.

7) What is probiotic? What is prebiotic? What is the difference between them? Probiotics are living bacteria and yeast that are good for your health, also good for digesting food, prebiotics aresubstances consumed to promote the growth of probiotic microorganisms. Thus, prebiotics stimulate the work of probiotics.

8) How can we biodegrade different wastes? We can use microorganisms. They are beneficial for microbial biodegradation of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes. The ability of each microorganism to degrade toxic waste depends on the nature of each contaminant.

9) Could microorganisms be useful in the treatment of cancer? Microorganisms could be useful in the treatment of cancer according to recent research.

Ex. 5, pp. 204-205

a) T

b) T

c) T

d) F

e) F

f) T

g) F

Ex. 8, pp. 204-205

1) Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes.

2) Viruses are small infectious agents that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms.

3) Antibiotics are powerful medicines that fight bacterial infections.

4) Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e., increase or decrease the rates of) chemical reactions.

5) Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi.

6) Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth.

7) Microbiologists are biological scientists who study organisms so small that, generally, they can only be seen with a microscope.

8) Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles.

Ex. 9, pp. 206

The words: Cancer, Eukaryotes, Mycology, Microbiologist, Antibiotics, Viruses, Enzymes, Prokaryotes

Ex. 10, pp. 206

Microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, prokaryotes, probiotics, prebiotics, microbes

Ex. 11, pp. 206

•pathogenic microbes (Immune systems interact

with pathogenic microbes)

•beneficial processes (Many microbes are responsible for beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation, antibiotic production and others)

•amino acids (Corynebacteriumglutamicum is one of

the most important bacterial species with an annual

production of more than two million tons of amino acids)

•polyamides (A variety of biopolymers, such as

polysaccharides, polyesters, and polyamides, are produced by microorganisms)

•high-value medical application (Microorganisms are used

for the biotechnological production of biopolymers

with tailored properties suitable for high-value medical application such as tissue engineering and drug delivery)

•domestic (Microorganisms are beneficial for microbial biodegradation of domestic, agricultural and industrial

wastes)

•contaminant (The ability of each microorganism to degrade toxic waste depends on the nature of each contaminant)

•the digestive system (Probiotics are bacteria potentially beneficial to the digestive system)

•to promote (Prebiotics are substances consumed

to promote the growth of probiotic microorganisms)

•treatment (Recent research has suggested that microorganisms

could be useful in the treatment of cancer)

Ex. 12, pp. 207-208

1) Students are doing a lot of the work. A lot of the work ~~are~~ is being done by students.

2) We have already washed the clothes. The clothes have already been washed by us.

3) He expected us to offer him the job. We were expected to offer the job.

4) They showed her the easiest way to do it. The easiest way to do it was showedn to her by them.

5) Lightning struck the old oak. The old oak was struck by the lightning.

6) Titian couldn't have painted it as people didn’t wear that

style of dress till after his death. This couldn't have been painted by Titian because this style of dress wasn't worn till after his death.

7) Did the idea interest you? Were you interested in the idea?

8) The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle's will. The details of his uncle's will were given to him by the lawyer.

9) They used to start these engines by hand. Now they start them by electricity. These engines were used to be started by hand. Now they are started by electricity.

10) Who wrote it? Who was it written by?

11) The Prime Minister opened the new school. The new school was opened by the Prime Minister.

12) We will not admit children under sixteen. Thechildren under sixteen will not be admitted by us.

Ex. 13, pp. 207-208

1) Unfortunately, such questions were not touched upon at the conference.

2) Who told you that the agreement was signed?

3) Only English is spoken here.

4) She was allowed to play sports. She has been allowed to play sports

5) Visitors are received every day.

6) Betty isn’t allowed to come here.

7) He was poorly looked for in the hospital.

8) Has it he already been sent for? - Yes, he got a call and was told ~~them~~ to come in at eight o'clock.

9) A new cinema is being built on our street.

10) Don’t say it, otherwise ~~they~~ you will be laughed at ~~you.~~

11) They haven’t been told me anything yet. I haven't been told about this yet

12) ~~We will~~ Will we go ~~tomorrow~~ out of town tomorrow if it rains? - Yes, we must go there, because ~~they will be waiting for us there.~~ we will be waited for there

13) This building ~~was just built~~ has been just built when we arrived here.

14) The work had been finished by the evening.

15) When we returned they told a lot of interesting news.

Ex. 19, pp. 210-211

Since ancient times, people had an idea of microbiological processes, but did not know about the causes that cause them. This did not stop to make observations and even use these processes in everyday life. Many philosophers made speculative

conclusions about the causes of various

phenomena. At the same time, Fracastoro came closest to the discovery of the microworld in the 14th century,

who suggested that infections are caused by small bodies that are transmitted by contact and persist on the patient’s things. However, at that time it was impossible to verify the correctness of his ideas.

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