Achilles and the ‘tortoise. The arrow paradox

Achilles and the ‘tortoise

In a race, the quickest runner can never overtake the slowest

The arrow paradox

the flying arrow is motionless.

Problem of movement solved Atomists, who shared the world on two substations: emptiness and moving indivisible particles, which they called atoms. The most famous representatives of this school are Democritus and Leucippus (Leukippos).

The second period is marked by change of the question. Henceforth (отныне) philosophers brought up (ставить) the question about essence of man. First was Socrates. Knowledge is the highest blessing.

He considered that cognition of man is the only condition of cognition of the world.

Socrates developed his philosophy in the struggle with the Sophists

(Gorgias,Protagoras, Hippias).

Attention of the Sophists had been carried from Cosmos and nature to the problems of man, society and knowledge. The Sophists believed that the world is not knowable, i.e., were agnostics.

Socrates’ follower was Plato, who considered, that everything, including the man, consists of things and ideas.

Platoalso has developed the doctrine about ideas and the ideal state. Plato describes being as eternal and immutable (тұрақты), knowable only by reason and inaccessible to sensory perception.

Like Democritus, Plato spoke of the multiplicity of being. However, “being” to Plato is the world of supersensible, unchanging and eternal ideas. Each thing has the idea, and the ideas exists in the heaven, called Eidos Urania. Plato developed the myth of the cave.

The follower of Plato Aristotle denied the Plato’s doctrine, proved, that there is no world of ideas in the heaven. All consists of a matter and form, even man.

Aristotle’s teachings about being based on his doctrine of the categories set out in the special not a big book “Categories” and in his famous “Metaphysics”.

Categories of Aristotle is not notions, but the main features of life. These categories:

personality

quantity

quality

relation

place

time

position

possession

action

suffering

In the third period the philosophers put a question on human moral existence. The most known schools of this period are cynics, stoics, hedonists.

Cynics considered that each man should adhere to the ascetic life. (Diogenes of Sinope).

Main concept of his philosophy was autarky. Autarky is the quality of being self-sufficient.

As opposed to them, hedonists considered that if a man has desires and needs, it is necessary to satisfy them. (Epicure).

Stoicsdeveloped the doctrine of stoic sage (данышпан), who is not afraid of anything, controls own desires, regards to death as to the natural phenomenon.

Representatives of the Stoics school:
Lucius Annaeus Seneca

Marcus Tullius Cicero

Marcus AureliusAntoninus

Epictetus etc…

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