ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ. ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ. Проанализировать все тексты (6), данные ниже. Принести их с собой.

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ

1. Традиционная стилистика английского языка.

2. Функциональная стилистика, предмет и задачи.

3. Критерии выделения функциональных стилей.

4. Основные характеристики функциональных стилей.

5. Особенности газетно-публицистического стиля.

6. Особенности официально-делового стиля.

7. Особенности стиля научной прозы.

8. Дальнейшее членение научного стиля (подстили, жанры).

9. Терминология. Терминообразование в современном английском языке.

10. Текстообразующая роль терминов в текстах научного и официально-делового стилей.

11. Термины.12. Профессионализмы.13. Жаргонизмы.

14. Поэтизмы и архаизмы.

15. Иностранные слова и варваризмы.

16. Неологизмы.

17. Метафора.

18. Метонимия.

19. Инверсия.

20. Сравнение.

21. Гипербола.

22. Ирония.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ

Проанализировать все тексты (6), данные ниже. Принести их с собой.

ТЕКСТ 1

Damage to Crops, Farmland, and Improvements

While oil and gas leases commonly provide payment for damages, it is also true that the lessee has considerable freedom to go on the leased land to explore or drill and produce. Further, Indiana has rules and regulations for well drilling, dry holes, and producing wells. Indiana rules require a $2,000 bond per test hole or well site. Alternatively, there may be a blanket bond of $30,000 for all wells drilled by the person for the duration of the bond. Indiana regulations require the drilling company to restore the surface as nearly as practicable to the condition it was prior to the drilling of the well after completion and/or plugging.

The bond is subject to forfeiture should an operator of the well fail in adhering to Indiana oil and gas laws. Funds from forfeited bonds are used to clean up sites on an environmental priority basis. It does not cover damages to fences, tile, crops, roads, soil, and buildings away from the dry hole or well site or to livestock. Additions to the Indiana rules should be in the lease. Following is a list of specific provisions a landowner may consider.

a. Reserve the right to approve the location of drill sites, tanks, access roads, and pipelines. You may desire that a drill site to be a minimum distance from buildings and property lines. The reservation of location of a drill site is important to the landowner in order to maintain the value of his or her property. In fact, the landowner may be wise to limit the lessee to one drill site at a time--with consideration of the operator's performance from a preceding location.

b. Require all pipelines to be buried using the "double ditch" method and below tillage depth, or at a specified depth, such as 36 inches--safely below all possible tillage depths.2

c. Require the drilling company to be accountable to the landowner for damages "to the surface of such lands or improvements or growing crops located thereon," unless the lease provides otherwise. The lease should be specific in making the company liable for "all damages to growing crops, trees, fences, buildings, tile lines, drainage ditches, springs, water wells, any other improvements, livestock, and to the surface of the lessor's property." The Indiana law makes the driller liable to the state of Indiana for various damages, but not necessarily to the landowner.

d. Require fences around all drilling equipment to help protect livestock or children and to prevent vandalism.

e. Require the company to indemnify and hold the landowner harmless from all claims, demands, and legal problems and law suits stemming from activities undertaken by the company or its assignees.

f. Require the lessee or drilling company to carry liability insurance as added security from claims by neighbors government entities and others. Examples of problems that may arise include environmental law violations and interference with agricultural drainage systems.

ТЕКСТ 2

Bank shareholders

Changing course

Apr 30th 2009

From The Economist print edition

Bank of America's shareholders get tough—sort of

KEN LEWIS, the boss of Bank of America (BofA). famously said he had had as much fun as he could stand in investment banking in the autumn of 2007. How on earth must he feel now? Mr Lewis's decision to buy Merrill Lynch in September has cost him his reputation, his independence and. on April 29th, one of his many titles. At the bank's annual general meeting shareholders reelected Mr Lewis to the board, but voted to split the role of chairman and chief executive. Walter Massey, a board veteran, replaced him as chairman. Mr Lewis can count himself lucky. True, there was strong logic in buying Merrill Lynch, with its coveted retail brokerage, and Countrywide, a sickly mortgage lender, before that. True too^that the government resisted his belated attempts to get out of the Merrill deal in December, as losses at the bank rapidly worsened.

But these are figleaves. The Merrill deal was stitched together too quickly. Mr Lewis agreed on a price (in shares, to give him some credit) that looked inflated even before Merrill posted losses of more than $15 billion in the fourth quarter. "As a group, they are not disciplined buyers." says Jonathan Finger, a disgruntled shareholder. Claims that Merrill paid out lavish bonuses to employees without BofA's say-so. and that Mr Lewis was forbidden by officials to disclose details of Merrill's losses to shareholders (both disputed), make BofA's managers look impotent at best and contemptuous of shareholders at worst. Hostile investors argue that Merrill was already burning money when they voted on the deal on December 5th. before Mr Lewis crossed swords with the government.

The bank's share price has lost more than three-quarters of its value since September. Things could yet get worse. Leaks about the results of the stress tests that have been conducted on America's largest banks suggest that BofA, which has already received $45 billion from the government, needs yet more capital (it would probably not be the only supplicant). This could well mean that the government's preferred shares are converted into common equity. If other investors do not want to get rid of Mr Lewis, the government may do it for them.

ТЕКСТ 3

He bade me observe it, and I should always find that the calamities of life were shared among the upper and lower part of mankind, but that the middle station had the fewest disasters, and was not exposed to so many vicissitudes as the higher or lower part of mankind; nay, they were not subjected to so many distempers and uneasinesses, either of body or mind, as those were who, by vicious living, luxury, and extravagances on the one hand, or by hard labour, want of necessaries, and mean or insufficient diet on the other hand, bring distemper upon themselves by the natural consequences of their way of living; that the middle station of life was calculated for all kind of virtue and all kind of enjoyments; that peace and plenty were the handmaids of a middle fortune; that temperance, moderation, quietness, health, society, all agreeable diversions, and all desirable pleasures, were the blessings attending the middle station of life; that this way men went silently and smoothly through the world, and comfortably out of it, not embarrassed with the labours of the hands or of the head, not sold to a life of slavery for daily bread, nor harassed with perplexed circumstances, which rob the soul of peace and the body of rest, nor enraged with the passion of envy, or the secret burning lust of ambition for great things; but, in easy circumstances, sliding gently through the world, and sensibly tasting the sweets of living, without the bitter; feeling that they are happy, and learning by every day's experience to know it more sensibly…

ТЕКСТ 4

Canadian symbol for winter tires spreads around the world

Once upon a time they built a highway between Vancouver, British Columbia, and the resort community of Whistler, high in the Canadian Coastal Mountains. The road was very steep with lots of curves. So lovely was it that they called it the Sea-to-Sky Highway.

It was very beautiful, but, it was also very deadly.

Often, skiers depart Vancouver with its nice green lawns, only to find the Sea-to-Ski Highway covered in heavy snow and very slippery. Many of the holidayers are in vehicles ill-equipped for the road conditions - cars shod only with all-season tires.

Along the side of the road are barriers used by the RCMP to stop and warn drivers whose cars don't have proper snow tires. Sometimes, the Mounties close the road altogether.

Despite the RCMP's measures, in 1995 there was a string of fatalities along the Sea-to-Sky Highway, also known as Hwy. 99. Investigating officers identified the problem as a lack of snow traction, coupled with lack of information for motorists to identify whether they had true snow tires or just "all-season" tires, which are a compromise.

These Mounties brought the problem to the attention of coroners. In 1995, Vince Cain, the chief coroner of British Columbia, wrote to Transport Canada asking that a method be developed to let non-experts know when they were looking at a true snow tire, that is, a tire suitable for severe conditions and not an "all season" tire.

The letter crossed the desk of John Neufeld, an automotive safety engineer at Transport Canada in Ottawa.

Now, the 14 or so major tire companies are all brutal competitors. They're headquartered all over the world. They each have their own standards and closely guarded testing secrets. Building consensus among them as to what constituted a repeatable test that would identify tires that performed to a certain acceptable standard - well, that wasn't easy.

Working with the Rubber Association of Canada and the Rubber Manufacturers Association in the U.S., Mr. Neufeld identified a particular test procedure of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). This test evaluates tires in real-world snow conditions.

After a lot of discussion, all the tiremakers agreed to adopt that recommended ASTM standard, along with the pictograph of a peaked mountain with a snowflake inside it. The new standard was announced in February 1999.

Today, if a tire bears the pictograph, even drivers who cannot read well will know it meets specific snow traction performance requirements and has been designed for severe snow, ice and winter conditions.

The actions of certain individual Canadians have led to improved winter driving safety for anyone in Canada and the U.S. willing to take advantage of it. And the mountain-snowflake symbol is spreading to Europe and beyond.

ТЕКСТ 5

"How long have you known him? What's he like?"

"Since Christmas. He's from Seattle and he spent Christmas with friends of mine in Greenwich is how 1 happened to meet him. I sat next to him at dinner the night after Christmas, and he was the quiet type, 1 thought. He looked to be the quiet type. So I found out what he did and I began talking about gastroenterostomies and stuff and he just sat there and nodded all the time I was talking. You know, when I was going to be a nurse a year before last. Finally I said something to him. I asked him if by any chance he was listening to what I was saying, or bored, or what? "No, not bored," he said. "Just cockeyed." And he was. Cockeyed. It seems so long ago and so hard to believe we were ever strangers like that, but that's how 1 met him, or my first conversation with him. Actually he's very good. His family have loads of money from the lumber business and I've never seen anything like the way he spends money. But only when it doesn't interfere with his work at P. and S. He has a Packard that he keeps in Greenwich and hardly ever uses except when he comes to see me. He was a marvellous basket-ball player at Dartmouth and two weeks ago when he came up to our house he hadn't had a golf stick in his hands since last summer and he went out and shot an eighty-seven. He's very homely, but he has this dry sense of humor that at first you don't quite know whether he's even listening to you, but the things he says. Sometimes I think—oh, not really, but a stranger overhearing him might suggest sending him to an alienist."

ТЕКСТ 6

You want an independent and informed appraisal of the outlook for energy? Then Charley Maxwell's your man. For almost 50 years, Maxwell in one way or another has been involved in the oil and gas industry: from when he started working for Mobil in 1957 to when he moved to Wall Street in 1968 and was routinely lauded as the No. 1 oil analyst throughout the Seventies and Eighties. For more than 20years, he's belonged to an elite group of industry executives and OPEC members that meets at Oxford University twice a year to assess trends. We dialed him up last week at Weeden & Co., the institutional trading company in Greenwich, Conn., that he's called home since 1999. Here are Maxwell's thoughts on the current energy scene.

Barron's: Did somebody say energy crisis?

Maxwell: We often say there are not a lot of advantages to getting old except that we have seen it all before. After a big move upward, there is always some counterreaction. We saw it during the 1973-74 crisis, in the '79 to '86 crisis and then in the two wars with Iraq. These crises were manipulations of the oil market by human beings. War, economic problems, but particularly military considerations, were creating, as they say, facts on the ground that worked into shortages that were real, but they were shortages created by the actions of man not nature. It is terribly important to differentiate between past periods and now.

Q: How is that?

A: There are four huge impediments to expanding production in a world in which we need to do this. Hubbert's Peak, the theory that says oil production will peak on a global basis, is a natural impediment. It is not yet the predominant factor but as these crises continue it is the one growing exponentially and by, say, 2015 or 2020 I expect it will dominate the outlook.

Q: What then is the biggest problem now?

A: About three-quarters of the world's production of oil today is lifted by national oil companies. Companies like Saudi Aramco, Petrobras, the Iran national oil company, the Iraq national oil company, the national companies that operate in Algeria and Libya, produce conservatively 75% of the world supply. Most of them were nationalized in the 70s and early 80s and they have real structural problems today. They bring in a lot of money but most of it goes to support the national Treasuries and the various political constituencies that are in favor in the various countries, whether it's the army or a host of other bureaucratic ministries. In the end, in the political battle for budgetary support the national oil companies tend to be a constituency with little or no political influence. All in all, the national oil companies have been shortchanged and held on a poverty diet for a long time.

Q: What are the other structural challenges they face?

A: What came out of the \9S6-\9S7 collapse in prices was a huge overcapacity of about 20% in the world's oil production system. The international oil companies began to adjust their capital spending quickly to adapt to that and they more or less serviced a 1% increase in demand each year. The capacity surplus began to come down naturally. We have now had 20 years and taken that surplus down to about 2% to 3%. For efficiency in the energy industry, given the weather factors and political factors and so on, we need something in the 7% to 8% range of excess capacity in order to cover the mountains and the plains of demand and weather and political events. But when the surplus got down to those levels between 1997 and 2000, the companies didn't add to capacity at a fast enough rate.

Q: Bring this back to your point about the national oil companies.

A: The national oil companies didn't react at all. At least the big international oil companies were producing the 1% to 2% each year that was required, but the national oil companies just tooled along on the backs of the surplus while it got smaller and smaller. The big international oil companies saw all this and didn't prepare for possible future tightening. One reason the NOCs, as the national oil companies are called, didn't respond was lack of money. Also, the NOCs, because of political patronage, have a shortage of skilled workers and experienced managers. Only Saudi Aramco is quite efficient and they are doubling and redoubling their efforts to find oil in the peninsula. They've gone from 10 rigs to 100 rigs and are headed to 125 rigs. They are modern and up to date. They've got a core of around 3,000 expatriates that are well paid and doing a helluva job. But this is unusual.