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і§б§а§г§а§Т§н §б§а§Э§е§й§Ц§Я§Ъ§с§і§б§а§г§а§Т§н §б§а§Э§е§й§Ц§Я§Ъ§с 1) §°§Т§л§Ъ§Ы §г§б§а§г§а§Т. §Ј§Щ§С§Ъ§Ю§а§Х§Ц§Ы§г§д§У§Ъ§Ц §Ю§Ц§д§С§Э§Э§С §г §Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я-§б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§н§Ю§Ъ§е§Ф§Э§Ц§У§а§Х§а§в§а§Х§а§У §Ў) §®§Ц§д§С§Э§Э§н §г§а §г§в§Ц§Х§Я§Ц§Ы §С§Ь§д§Ъ§У§Я§а§г§д§о§р (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Zn, Li) §і6H5Br + Li -> (THF) C6H5Li + LiBr §ў) §Ї§Ъ§Щ§Ь§С§с §в§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§а§Я§Я§С§с §г§б§а§г§а§Т§Я§а§г§д§о (Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu etc) §Ј) §®§Ц§д§С§Э§Э§н §г §У§н§г§а§Ь§а§Ы §С§Ь§д§Ъ§У§Я§а§г§д§о§р. §Ј§Щ§С§Ъ§Ю§а§Х§Ц§Ы§г§д§У§е§р§д §г §Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я-§б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§н§Ю§Ъ §г §а§Т§в§С§Щ§а§У§С§Я§Ъ§Ц§Ю §Ю§Ц§д§С§Э§Э§а§в§Ф§С§Я§Ъ§й§Ц§г§Ь§Ъ§з §г§а§Ц§Х§Ъ§Я§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ы §Ь§С§Ь §б§в§а§Ю§Ц§Ш§е§д§а§й§Я§н§з §б§в§а§Х§е§Ь§д§а§У §і§Ї3§і§Ї2Br + Na -> CH3CH2CH2CH3 + NaBr + CH3CH2Na
[CH3CH2Br]- -> .....
2. §І§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§Ъ §Ъ §в§Ц§С§Ь§д§Ъ§У§н §¤§в§Ъ§Я§о§с§в§С §§е§й§к§Ц §У§г§Ц§Ф§а §У§г§д§е§б§С§р§д §У §в§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§р §¤§Ў§§°§¤§¦§Ї§б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§н§Ц §С§Э§Ь§С§Я§а§У §¦§г§Э§Ъ §У §Т§Ц§Я§Щ§а§Э§о§Я§а§Ю §Ь§а§Э§о§и§Ц §Х§У§С §Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я§а§У§н§з §Щ§С§Ю§Ц§г§д§Ъ§д§Ц§Э§с, §д§а §Ю§С§Ф§Я§Ъ§Ы §б§в§Ъ§д§с§Я§Ц§д§г§с §Ь §д§а§Ю§е, §й§Ц§Ы §в§С§Х§Ъ§е§г §Т§а§Э§о§к§Ц §Ј §Т§а§Э§Ц§Ц §к§Ъ§в§а§Ь§а§Ю §г§Ю§н§г§Э§Ц §У§г§Ц §г§Ъ§Я§д§Ц§Щ§н §г §е§й§С§г§д§Ъ§Ц§Ю §в§Ц§С§Ь§д§Ъ§У§С §¤§в§Ъ§Я§о§с§в§С §Я§С§Щ§н§У§С§р§д §в§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§с§Ю§Ъ §¤§в§Ъ§Я§о§с§в§С
§®§¦§·§Ў§Ї§Є§©§® I. §±§Ц§в§Ц§Я§а§г §п§Э§Ц§Ь§д§в§а§Я§С §а§д Mg §Ь R-Hal R-Hal + Mg ---> [R-Hal]- + Mg+ II. §¶§в§С§Ф§Ю§Ц§Я§д§С§и§Ъ§с §С§Я§Ъ§а§Я-§в§С§Х§Ъ§Ь§С§Э§С III. §Ґ§Ъ§Ю§Ц§в§Ъ§Щ§С§и§Ъ§с §С§Э§Ь§Ъ§Э§о§Я§н§з §в§С§Х§Ъ§Ь§С§Э§а§У 2R* ---> R-R
CH3CH2MgCl + CdCl2 ---> (CH3CH2)2Cd + MgCl2 §¤§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я §а§Т§в§С§Щ§е§Ц§д §г§У§с§Щ§о §г §Ь§С§д§Ъ§а§Я§а§Ю §Т§а§Э§Ц§Ц §п§Э§Ц§Ь§д§в§а§б§а§Э§а§Ш§Ъ§д§Ц§Э§о§Я§а§Ф§а §Ю§Ц§д§С§Э§Э§С
C2H5Li + ZnCl2 ---> (C2H5)2Zn + LiCl
CH3SiCl3 + CH3MgCl ---> (CH3)2SiCl2 + MgCl2
4) §ґ§в§С§Я§г§Ю§Ц§д§С§Э§Э§Ъ§в§а§У§С§Я§Ъ§Ц §±§а§Э§с§в§Я§а§г§д§о §г§У§с§Щ§Ъ §і-§®§Ц §Ю§Ц§Я§с§Ц§д§г§с §У §к§Ъ§в§а§Ь§а§Ю §Ъ§Я§д§Ц§в§У§С§Э§Ц §У §Щ§С§У§Ъ§г§Ъ§Ю§а§г§д§Ъ §а§д §б§а§Э§а§Ш§Ц§Я§Ъ§с §Ю§Ц§д§С§Э§Э§С §У §б§Ц§в§Ъ§а§Х§Ъ§й§Ц§г§Ь§а§Ы §г§Ъ§г§д§Ц§Ю§Ц. §°§Х§Я§С§Ь§а §г§а§Ф§Э§С§г§Я§а §п§Ю§б§Ъ§в§Ъ§й§Ц§г§Ь§а§Ю§е §б§в§С§У§Ъ§Э§е, §Ю§Ц§д§С§Э§Э§а§в§Ф§С§Я§Ъ§й§Ц§г§Ь§Ъ§Ц §г§а§Ц§Х§Ъ§Я§Ц§Я§Ъ§с §г§й§Ъ§д§С§р§д §Ъ§а§Я§Я§н§Ю§Ъ, §Ц§г§Э§Ъ §в§С§Щ§Я§а§г§д§о §Ю§Ц§Ш§Х§е §Щ§Я§С§й§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц§Ю §ї§° §С§д§а§Ю§С §е§Ф§Э§Ц§в§а§Х§С §Ъ §Ю§Ц§д§С§Э§Э§С §г§а§г§д§С§У§Э§с§Ц§д §а§д 1,5 §Х§а 1,7 §Ј §й§С§г§д§Я§а§г§д§Ъ §а§Я§Ъ §Ъ§Ю§Ц§р§д §а§Х§Ъ§Я§С§Ь§а§У§е§р §Ь§в§Ъ§г§д§С§Э§Э§Ъ§й§Ц§г§Ь§е§р §г§д§в§е§Ь§д§е§в§е. §Ј §а§Т§а§Ъ§з §г§Э§е§й§С§с§з §С§д§а§Ю §Ю§Ц§д§С§Э§Э§С §Ъ§Ю§Ц§р§д §Ь§а§Я§ж§Ъ§Ф§е§в§С§и§Ъ§р §Ъ§Я§Ц§в§д§Я§а§Ф§а §Ф§С§Щ§С. §Ґ§Ъ§С§Э§Ь§Ъ§Э§о§Я§н§Ц §б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§н§Ц §Ю§С§Ф§Я§Ъ§с §в§С§г§г§Ю§С§д§в§Ъ§У§С§р§д §Ь§С§Ь §б§а§Э§Ъ§Ю§Ц§в§н. §ї§Э§Ц§Ь§д§в§а§Я§Я§е§р §Ь§а§Я§ж§Ъ§Ф§е§в§С§и§Ъ§р §Ъ§Я§Ц§в§д§Я§а§Ф§а §Ф§С§Щ§С §Ю§Ц§д§С§Э§Э §Ю§а§Ш§Ц§д §Х§а§г§д§Ъ§Ф§С§д§о §Щ§С §г§й§Ч§д §У§Щ§С§Ъ§Ю§а§Х§Ц§Ы§г§д§У§Ъ§с §г §Ю§а§Э§Ц§Ь§е§Э§С§Ю§Ъ §в§С§г§д§У§а§в§Ъ§д§Ц§Э§с. §Ї§С§б§в§Ъ§Ю§Ц§в §в§Ц§С§Ь§д§Ъ§У §¤§в§Ъ§Я§о§с§в§С §У §в§С§Щ§Т§С§У§Э§Ц§Я§Я§а§Ю §в§С§г§д§У§а§в§Ц §Х§Ъ§п§д§Ъ§Э§а§У§а§Ф§а §п§ж§Ъ§в§С §г§е§л§Ц§г§д§У§е§Ц§д §Ь§С§Ь §Ю§а§Я§а§Ю§Ц§в, §г§а§Ц§Х§Ъ§Я§Ч§Я§Я§н§Ы §г §Х§У§е§Ю§с §Ю§а§Э§Ц§Ь§е§Э§С§Ю§Ъ §Х§Ъ§п§д§Ъ§Э§а§У§а§Ф§а §п§ж§Ъ§в§С. §·§Ъ§Ю§Ъ§й§Ц§г§Ь§Ъ§Ц §в§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§Ъ
R-MgHal + H-B ---> R-H + MgBHal
CH3MgI + RCOOH ---> CH4 + RCOOMgI CH3MgI + NH3 ---> CH4 + Mg(NH2)I CH3MgI + R-NH2 ---> CH4 + Mg(R-NH2)I CH3MgI + R-SH ---> CH4 + Mg(R-S)I CH3MgI + R-CЎФ§і ---> CH4 + R-CЎФ§і-MgI
§®§Ц§д§а§Х §Ь§С§й§Ц§г§д§У§Ц§Я§Я§а§Ф§а §Ъ §Ь§а§Э§Ъ§й§Ц§г§д§У§Ц§Я§Я§а§Ф§а §а§б§в§Ц§Х§Ц§Э§Ц§Я§Ъ§с §Ю§Ц§д§С§Я§С - §Ю§Ц§д§а§Х §№§е§Ф§С§Ц§У§С-§ё§Ц§в§У§Ъ§к§Я§Ъ§Ь§а§У§С - §б§е§д§Ч§Ю §Ъ§Щ§Ю§Ц§в§Ц§Я§Ъ§с §а§Т§м§Ч§Ю§С §У§н§Х§Ц§Э§Ъ§У§к§Ц§Ф§а§г§с §Ю§Ц§д§С§Я§С §б§в§Ъ §У§Щ§С§Ъ§Ю§а§Х§Ц§Ы§г§д§У§Ъ§Ъ §г §а§б§в§Ц§Х§Ц§Э§Ч§Я§Я§н§Ю §Ь§а§Э§Ъ§й§Ц§г§д§У§а§Ю §С§Я§С§Э§Ъ§Щ§Ъ§в§е§Ц§Ю§а§Ф§а §г§а§Ц§Х§Ъ§Я§Ц§Я§Ъ§с.
§і§Ъ§Я§д§Ц§д§Ъ§й§Ц§г§Ь§а§Ц §б§в§Ъ§Ю§Ц§Я§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц. §®§Ц§д§а§Х §У§а§г§г§д§С§Я§а§У§Э§Ц§Я§Ъ§с §Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я-§С§Э§Ь§С§Я§а§У §Ъ §Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я-§С§в§Ъ§Э§а§У §Х§а §е§Ф§Э§Ц§У§а§Х§а§в§а§Х§а§У
(CH3)3CBr + Mg --> (CH3)3CMgBr + H2O ---> (CH3)3CH + Mg(OH)Br
§¤§Ў§§°§¤§¦§Ї§±§І§°§Є§©§Ј§°§Ґ§Ї§Ѕ§¦ §µ§¤§§¦§Ј§°§Ґ§°§І§°§Ґ§°§Ј. R-Hal §а§Т§л§Ц§Ц §а§Т§а§Щ§Я§С§й§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц. R - §С§Ь§Ъ§Э§о§Я§н§Ц, §С§в§Ъ§Э§о§Я§н§Ц, §У§Ъ§Я§Ъ§Э§о§Я§н§Ц, §С§Э§Э§Ъ§Э§о§Я§н§Ц, §б§в§а§б§С§в§Ф§Ъ§Э§о§Я§н§Ц, §и§Ъ§Ь§Э§а§С§Э§Ь§Ъ§Э, §Т§Ц§Я§Щ§Ъ§Э. §Ў§Э§Ь§Ъ§Э, §У§Ъ§Я§Ъ§Э, §С§в§Ъ§Э - Csp3-Hal and C=Csp2-Hal and H5Csp26-Hal §Ї§а§Ю§Ц§Я§Ь§Э§С§д§е§в§С. CH3-CH(Cl)-CH3 2-§з§Э§а§в§б§в§а§б§С§Я (§Є§А§±§Ў§)
§±§а§Э§е§й§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц.
2. §Ў§Э§Ь§Ъ§Э§ж§д§а§в§Ъ§Х§н
3. §±§а§Э§е§й§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц §Ъ§Щ §С§Э§Ь§Ц§Я§а§У (§з§Э§а§в §Ъ §Т§в§а§Ю §б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§н§Ц) CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 + HBr = CH2-CH(Br)-CH2-CH3 (Ae)
4. §±§а§Э§е§й§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц §Ъ§Щ §С§Э§Ь§Ъ§Я§а§У.
5. §±§а§Э§е§й§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц §Ъ§а§Х-§б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§н§з R-COOAg + I2 = R-I + CO2 + AgI
6. §Є§Щ §г§б§Ъ§в§д§а§У (§Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я§Ъ§Х§н §ж§а§г§ж§а§в§С, §з§Э§а§в§Ъ§г§д§н§Ы §д§Ъ§а§Я§Ъ§Э)
7. §±§а§Э§е§й§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц §С§в§Ъ§Э§Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я§Ъ§Х§а§У. §±§в§с§Ю§а§Ц §Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я§Ъ§в§а§У§С§Я§Ъ§Ц (SE §в§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§с)
8. §¤§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я§б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§а§Ц + §С§Ю§Ъ§Х §Ь§С§Э§Ъ§с = §С§Ю§Ъ§Я§б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§а§Ц
§Ґ§Ъ§С§Щ§а§б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§н§Ц + §з§Э§а§в§Ъ§Х §Ю§Ц§Х§Ъ 1 §Ъ§Э§Ъ §Ъ§а§Х§Ъ§Х §Ь§С§Э§Ъ§с §Ъ§Э§Ъ §б§Э§С§У§Ъ§Ь§С§а§У§С§с §Ь§Ъ§г§Э§а§д§С §г §Т§а§в§Я§а§Ы §Ь§Ъ§г§Э§а§д§а§Ы = §Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я§б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§н§Ц §С§Э§Э§Ъ§Э§а§У.
§і§д§в§а§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц §Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я§б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§н§з. §і§У§с§Щ§о §е§Ф§Э§Ц§в§а§Х->§Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я §б§а§Э§с§в§Ъ§Щ§а§У§С§Я§С.
§¶§Ъ§Щ§Ъ§й§Ц§г§Ь§Ъ§Ц §г§У§а§Ы§г§д§У§С. §Ґ§Э§Ъ§Я§н §г§У§с§Щ§Ц§Ы.
CHCl3 - 1.03 CCl4 - 0
§·§Ъ§Ю§Ъ§й§Ц§г§Ь§Ъ§Ц §г§У§а§Ы§г§д§У§С §С§Э§Ь§Ъ§Э§Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я§Ъ§Х§а§У. SN1 (§Ю§а§Я§а§Ю§а§Э§Ц§Ь§е§Э§с§в§Я§а§Ц §Я§е§Ь§Э§Ц§а§ж§Ъ§Э§о§Я§а§Ц §Щ§С§Ю§Ц§л§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц) and SN2 (§Т§Ъ§Ю§а§Э§Ц§Ь§е§Э§с§в§Я§а§Ц §Я§е§Ь§Э§Ц§а§ж§Ъ§Э§о§Я§а§Ц §Щ§С§Ю§Ц§л§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц)
C-C-Cl + OH- = C-C-OH + Cl- §Ї§а §Ф§Ъ§Х§в§а§Ь§г§Ъ§Х-§С§Я§Ъ§а§Я §Ю§а§Ш§Ц§д §г§б§в§а§У§а§и§Ъ§в§а§У§С§д§о §в§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§р §п§Э§Ъ§Ю§Ъ§Я§Ъ§в§а§У§С§Я§Ъ§с
§І§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§Ъ SN §е §Я§С§г§н§л§Ц§Я§Я§а§Ф§а §С§д§а§Ю§С §е§Ф§Э§Ц§в§а§Х§С. R-X + NH3 = R-NH2 + HX
§®§Ц§з§С§Я§Ъ§Щ§Ю §в§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§Ъ §Я§е§Ь§Э§Ц§а§ж§Ъ§Э§о§Я§а§Ф§а §Щ§С§Ю§Ц§л§Ц§Я§Ъ§с §е §Я§С§г§н§л§Ц§Я§Я§а§Ф§а §С§д§а§Ю§С §е§Ф§Э§Ц§в§а§Х§С.
§і§±§Є§І§ґ§Ѕ
1) §±§Ц§в§У§Ъ§й§Я§н§Ц §г§б§Ъ§в§д§н §Я§Ц §в§Ц§С§Ф§Ъ§в§е§р§д 2) §Ј§д§а§в§Ъ§й§Я§н§Ц §г§б§Ъ§в§д§н §а§Т§в§С§Щ§е§р§д §з§Э§а§в§б§в§а§Ъ§Щ§У§а§Х§Я§н§Ц (§Я§Ъ§Ш§Я§с§с §ж§С§Щ§С), §Я§С §в§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§р §д§в§Ц§Т§е§Ц§д§г§с §Я§Ц§Ь§а§д§а§в§а§Ц §У§в§Ц§Ю§с 3) §ґ§в§Ц§д§Ъ§й§Я§н§Ц §г§б§Ъ§в§д§н §в§Ц§С§Ф§Ъ§в§е§р§д §Ю§Ф§Я§а§У§Ц§Я§Я§а.
§І§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§Ъ §б§в§а§д§Ц§Ь§С§р§д §б§а SN1 §Ю§Ц§з§С§Я§Ъ§Щ§Ю§е, §Ь§а§д§а§в§н§Ы §Т§а§Э§Ц§Ц §б§в§Ц§Х§б§а§й§д§Ъ§д§Ц§Э§Ц§Я §Х§Э§с §д§в§Ц§д§Ъ§й§Я§н§з §г§д§в§е§Ь§д§е§в.
§±§а§Э§е§й§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц §Ф§С§Э§а§Ф§Ц§Я-§Щ§С§Ю§Ц§л§Ч§Я§Я§н§з §Ъ§Щ §г§б§Ъ§в§д§а§У §г§е§Э§о§ж§С§Я§С§д§Я§а§Ы §Ф§в§е§б§б§а§Ы
§І§Ц§С§Ь§и§Ъ§Ъ §Х§Ц§Ф§Ъ§Х§в§С§д§С§и§Ъ§Ъ. 1) §Ј§Я§е§д§в§Ъ§Ю§а§Э§Ц§Ь§е§Э§с§в§Я§С§с (§а§Т§в§С§Щ§а§У§С§Я§Ъ§Ц §Ь§в§С§д§Я§н§з §г§У§с§Щ§Ц§Ы)
§±§Ц§в§У§Ъ§й§Я§н§Ц §г§б§Ъ§в§д§н §а§Ь§Ъ§г§Э§с§р§д§г§с §Э§Ц§Ф§й§Ц §У§г§Ц§Ф§а. §Ј§д§а§в§Ъ§й§Я§н§Ц §г§Э§а§Ш§Я§Ц§Ц. §±§в§Ъ §а§Ь§Ъ§г§Э§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ъ §д§в§Ц§д§Ъ§й§Я§н§з §б§в§а§Ъ§г§з§а§Х§Ъ§д §Х§Ц§г§д§в§е§Ь§и§Ъ§с §е§Ф§Э§Ц§в§а§Х§Я§а§Ф§а §г§Ь§Ц§Э§Ц§д§С.
§®§Я§а§Ф§а§С§д§а§Ю§Я§н§Ц §г§б§Ъ§в§д§н.
§¶§¦§Ї§°§§Ѕ
§І§Ц§Щ§а§Я§С§Я§г§Я§н§Ц §г§д§в§е§Ь§д§е§в§н §ж§Ц§Я§а§Э§С
§©§С§Ю§Ц§л§Ц§Я§Ъ§Ц -§°§Ї §Ф§в§е§б§б§н §У §ж§Ц§Я§а§Э§С§з §Я§Ц§У§а§Щ§Ю§а§Ш§Я§а §Ъ§Щ-§Щ§С §г§Ъ§Э§о§Я§а§Ы §г§У§с§Щ§Ъ §і-§° §У §г§Э§Ц§Х§г§д§У§Ъ§Ц +M §п§ж§ж§Ц§Ь§д§С §Ф§Ъ§Х§в§а§Ь§г§Ъ§Э§о§Я§а§Ы §Ф§в§е§б§б§н.
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