М.Ю. Бродский, Ю.Г. Комиссарова

М.Ю. Бродский, Ю.Г. Комиссарова

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ

АСПЕКТЫ ПЕРЕВОДА

Английский язык

Часть 1

(книга студента)

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

Негосударственное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«Институт международных связей»

М.Ю.Бродский, Ю.Г. Комиссарова

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ

АСПЕКТЫ ПЕРЕВОДА

Английский язык

Часть 1

(Книга студента)

Екатеринбург

УДК 420-5 (075.8)

ББК Ш143.21-923.2

Б 88

Бродский М.Ю., Комиссарова Ю.Г.Грамматические аспекты перевода. Английский язык. Часть 1. (Книга студента): Практикум. – Екатеринбург, 2012. – 37 с.

Практикум содержит упражнения, которые поможет активно употреблять грамматические структуры английского языка и развить навыки устного и письменного перевода.

Отбор материала подсказан типичными ошибками при употреблении ряда грамматических структур и затруднениями при их переводе. Все примеры отобраны из американских источников и выверены двумя носителями английского языка – профессиональным преподавателем грамматики (Д.Томмарсон) и журналистом (К.Росс). Примеры подбирались таким образом, что не требуют для перевода большего контекста.

Издание рассчитано на студентов-переводчиков, преподавателей английского языка и перевода и всех тех, кто интересуется английским языком и переводом.

Редактор: К.Росс (K.Ross), США

Консультант: Д.Томмарсон (D.Thommarson), США

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ.. 5

1. ARTICLES. 6

Ex. 1. ARTICLES A/AN.. 6

Ex. 2. ARTICLE THE.. 7

Ex. 3. ARTICLES A/AN and THE.. 8

Ex. 4. A/AN and ONE.. 9

2. NOUNS. 10

Ex. 5. SINGULAR or PLURAL (SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT). 10

Ex. 6. SINGULAR or PLURAL (SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT). 11

Ex. 7. SINGULAR or PLURAL (SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT). 12

3. PRONOUNS. 13

Ex. 8. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY and COMPOUNDS. 13

Ex. 9. ARTICLES and POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 14

4. PREPOSITIONS AND ADVERBS. 15

Ex. 10. AT, IN, ON, TO.. 15

Ex. 11. AT, BY, IN, INTO, OF, ON, OUT, OUT OF, TO, UNDER, WITH.. 16

Ex. 12. AT, BY, DURING, FOR, FROM, IN, OF, OFF, ON, WITH, UNTIL, UP. 17

Ex. 13. MIXED.. 18

5. ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS. 19

Ex. 14. ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS. 19

Ex. 15. – LY ADJECTIVES. 20

Ex. 16. PREDICATE ADJECTIVES. 21

Ex. 17. PROBLEMS WITH USAGE OF LIKE, ALIKE and UNLIKE.. 22

Ex. 18. PROBLEMS WITH USAGE OF OTHER, ANOTHER and OTHERS. 23

6. AUXILIARY VERBS. 24

Ex. 19. AUXILIARIES IN QUESTION TAGS. 24

Ex. 20. AUXILIARIES IN QUESTION TAGS. 25

Ex. 21. HAVE + OBJECT + VERB-FORM... 26

Ex. 22. HAVE + OBJECT + VERB-FORM... 27

Ex. 23. IT IS / THERE IS. 28

Ex. 24. PROBLEMS WITH USAGE OF MAKE and DO.. 29

7. SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES. 30

Ex. 25. SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES. 30

Ex. 26. MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES. 31

Ex. 27. RELATIVES: DEFINING, NON-DEFINING and CONNECTIVE.. 32

Ex. 28. WHAT and WHICH.. 33

Ex. 29. WHATEVER, WHENEVER, WHOEVER etc. 34

8. INVERSION.. 35

Ex. 30. INVERSION WITH QUESTION WORDS and NEGATIVE WORDS, COMPARISONS. 35

Ex. 31. INVERSION WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS and CONDITIONALS. 36

Ex. 32. MORE SENTENCES WITH INVERSION.. 37

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Работа с каждым упражнением состоит из трех этапов. На первом этапе в упражнении отрабатывается употребление определенной грамматической категории или структуры. Все вопросы, касающиеся грамматики, при необходимости разбираются вместе с преподавателем. Студенты должны чувствовать, что они все понимают и что грамматика для них «прозрачна». Далее, на втором этапе, предложения переводятся на русский язык, причем перевод обязательно обсуждается на занятиях с преподавателем. Однако главный этап в работе — третий: устный последовательный перевод предложений с английского языка на русский и затем — с русского на английский. На данном этапе наиболее эффективна работа в парах.

Перед выполнением задания рекомендуется повторить (в классе или самостоятельно) соответствующие разделы грамматики и рекомендации по переводу. Грамматические трудности при переводе, представленные в настоящем пособии, были отобраны на основании собственного опыта переводчика и преподавателя, а также исходя из существующих в литературе по переводу наблюдений. Был учтён опыт работы с практикумом «Упражнения по английской грамматике для переводчиков», первое издание которого вышло в 1999 г., пожелания действующих переводчиков, студентов и преподавателей.

Все примеры отобраны из современных источников. Предложения достаточны для перевода и не требуют более широкого контекста.

Авторы надеются, что предлагаемый практикум сыграет свою роль в достижении одной из главных задач в профессиональной подготовке переводчика: грамматика должна быть (или стать), открытой дверью в иностранный язык.

Авторы благодарят за помощь в подготовке данного издания редактора К.Росс (США), преподавателя грамматики Д.Томмарсон (США), а также студентов ИМС Т.М. Гапонцеву и С.С. Комарову.

Авторы

1. ARTICLES

Ex. 1. ARTICLES A/AN

Insert aor an if necessary.

1. Her hair is black. Whenever she finds ___ gray hair, she pulls it out.

2. Ladybugs are ___ type of beetle.

3. This morning I had breakfast in ___ bed.

4. (in a restaurant) Two coffees and ___ orange juice, please!

5. I had ___ very bad night; I didn’t sleep ___ wink.

6. When he was charged with ___ murder, he said he had ___ alibi.

7. I wouldn’t climb ___ mountain for $1,000! I have ___ fear of heights.

8. Mark is ___ sailor. He spends most of his life at ___ sea.

9. He broke his leg in ___ skiing accident. It’s still in ___ cast.

10. “___ woman without ___ man is like ___ fish without ___ bicycle.” This remark is now widely attributed to the American feminist Gloria Steinem (born 1934), but seems to have originated as ___ anonymous graffito.

11. I want ___ assistant with ___ knowledge of French and ___ experience in ___ office routine.

12. Judith was upset when ___ honest mistake was made.

13. ___ God created ___ man in His own image; in the image of ___ God He created him; ___ male and ___ female He created them. (Gen. 1:27)

14. Grow ___ herb garden indoors; it's an easy way to spice up your life!

15. There is no such thing as ___ typical day for___ FBI Special Agent. Every day is different.

16. Being ___ Casanova can backfire on you and cause you to lose your girlfriend forever.

17. Secret files revealed today show that Winston Churchill was accused of ordering ___ UFO cover-up – because he was worried people would panic.

Ex. 2. ARTICLE THE

Insert the if necessary.

18. There are millions of ____ stars in ___ space.

19. He sat down on ___ bed.

20. ___ giraffe is ___ tallest of all animals.

21. ___ French are famous for their food.

22. It can be dangerous to swim in ___ sea.

23.___ life is short; ___ art is long.

24. Better training was one of the big challenges of ___ 1990s.

25. Where are you hiding ___ can opener and ___ corkscrew?

26. I hear ___ news on ___ radio, but my wife watches ___ news on ___ television.

27. She lives on ___ top floor of an old house. When ___ wind blows, all ___ windows rattle.

28. My little boys say that they want to be ___ astronauts, but most of them will probably end up in ___ more mundane jobs.

29. He was sent to ___ prison for six months for ___ shoplifting.

30.(in a shop) Do you have these shoes in ___ size 9?

31. ___ Ballet isn’t much good for ___ girls. It is much better to be able to play ___ piano.

32.She loves ___ tea parties and ___ gossip.

33. Interference with ___ nature often brings ___ disaster. Logging sometimes turns ___ fertile land into a dust bowl.

34.She will arrive on ___ first Thursday in June.

35. ___ trip that I took last year to ___ Bahamas was ___ only vacation I had all ___ year.

36.Beth had ___ best grade in ___ class on ___ exam.

37. ___ Chicago of ___ 1920s was a terrifying place.

Ex. 3. ARTICLES A/AN and THE

Insert a, anor theif necessary.

38. What time is ___ dinner?

39. She will arrive on ___ Thursday in June.

40. Can you pass ___ sugar, please?

41. George took ___ trip on ___ Snake River.

42. ___ arboretum in our town has some beautiful pine trees.

43. Tom always tells ___ truth; he never tells ___ lies.

44. They were married in ___ St Bartholomew’s.

45. I’ve got an appointment at ___ dentist’s at 11:30.

46. I can’t remember ___ exact day of ___ storm, but I know it was ___ Sunday because everybody was at ___ church.

47. ___mailman’s little boy says he’d rather be ___ dentist than ___ doctor, because ___ dentists don’t get called out at ___ night.

48. Just as the flight attendant was handing me ___ cup of coffee, ___ plane lurched, and ___ coffee went all over ___ person on ___ other side of ___ aisle.

49. There was ___ collision between ___ car and ___ bicyclist at ___ intersection near my house early in the morning. ___ bicyclist was taken to ___ hospital with ___ concussion.

50. Would you like to hear ___ story about ___ Englishman, ___ Irishman and ___ Scotsman? — No, I’ve heard many such stories, and they are all ___ same.

51. ___ sixth-grade class went on ___ field trip to visit ___ Lincoln Memorial.

52. (at the bus stop) Hi, Kimber. — Hi, Gary. Here’s ___ 9 now. Are you coming or are you waiting for ___ 14? — I think I’ll take ___ 9. If I wait for ___ 14, I may be late.

53. ___ quest for ___ Holy Grailmakes up ___ important segment of ___ Arthurian cycle.

Ex. 4. A/AN and ONE

Insert a, an or one if necessary.

54. Don’t tell ___ soul! Not even your wife!

55. ___ man I met on the train told me ___ rather unusual story.

56. ___ day, many years later, I found out what had really happened.

57. Most people like ___ rest after ___ hard day’s work, but Tom seemed to have ___ unending supply of ___ energy.

58.___ knife is no good. You need ___ screwdriver to do the job right.

59. I’ve told you ___ hundred times not to come into ___ room with ___ hat on.

60. Last time there was ___ fog here, ___ plane crashed in ___ field near the airport.

61. You’re making ___ mistake after another. Do you have ___ hangover or something? — No, but I had ___ very bad night last night. The people next door were having ___ party. — ___ bad night shouldn’t have such ___ effect on your work. I often have three bad nights in ___ row. I live on ___ very noisy street.

62. ___ beer, two teas and four coffees, please.

63.There was ___ woman there. The rest were men. — There shouldn’t have been even ___ woman. It was meant to be ___ stag party.

64. It’s unlucky to light three cigarettes with ___ match. — That’s only ___ superstition. Only ___ idiot believes in superstitions.

65. The probability of two people in ___ group of ten people having birthdays on the same day is about ___ in twenty.

66. ___ of the most popular theories is that the dollar sign is derived from the initials of the United States.

67. Potassium has ___ positive valence because it usually loses ___ electron when it combines with other elements.

68. The corporation hired private detectives to investigate ___ lone crusader because he had faulted ___ of their products.

2. NOUNS

Ex. 5. SINGULAR or PLURAL

(SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT)

Choose the correct words in brackets.

69. Money _____ the world go round. (makes/make)

70.No news _____ good news. (is/are)

71. All the craft _____ sunk. (was/were)

72. The police _____ investigating the case. But what can _____ find out? Nothing! (is/are, it/they)

73. Our team _____ wearing _____ new jerseys. (is/are, its/their)

74. My brother and I _____ good friends. (am/is/are)

75. The English-speaking _____ share a common language. (people/ peoples)

76. The youth of today _____ better off than we used to be. (is/are)

77. Seven miles ____ a long way to walk every day. (is/are)

78. The United States _____ anxious to improve _____ image in the Middle East. (is/are, its/their)

79. Acoustics _____ a branch of physics. (is/are)

80. Herring _____ once very plentiful here. (was/were)

81. The military _____ surrounded the building. (has/have)

82. Manchester United ____ playing away on Saturday. (is/are)

83.Fifteen thousand pounds ______ stolen in the robbery. (was/were)

84. Gymnastics ____ my favorite _____. (is/are, sport/sports)

85.The crisis _____ not going to be resolved in the near future. (is/are)

86. A flock of geese _____ seen heading south for the winter. (was/were)

87. Parentheses ____ needed around that expression. (is/are)

88. The child and his friends ____ having milk and cookies. (is/are)

89. We have machinery that ____ ten pages per minute. (print/prints)

90. Four weeks _____ a long time to wait for an answer. (is/are)

91. Athens _____ grown rapidly in the past two decades. (has/have)

Ex. 6. SINGULAR or PLURAL

(SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT)

Choose the correct words in brackets.

92. Her offspring _____ like her in every respect. [more than one child] (is/are)

93.Thousands of dollars _____ been spent on the new hospital. (has/have)

94. German measles _____ a dangerous disease for pregnant women. (is/are)

95. We’ve had two very cold _____ in a row. (Februarys/ February’s/ months of February)

96. Youth _____ the time for action; old age _____ the time for repose. (is/are, is/are)

97. All means _____ been used to get him to change his mind. One more means _____ still to be tried. (has/have, is/are)

98. The _____ has spread throughout the garden. (fungi/fungus)

99. All the _____ are attending the reception at the president’s house (alumnus/alumni)

100. He wants to go on a fishing trip this weekend because he has heard that the fish _____ biting. (is/are)

101. The syllabi for the courses _____ included in the packet of materials. (is/are)

102. The sheepdog is chasing after the sheep that _____ heading over the hill. (is/are)

103. The _____ that he heard today was not very positive. (diagnoses/ diagnosis)

104. George Gershwin, together with his brother Ira, ____ the creator of the first musical comedy to win a Pulitzer Prize. (was/were)

105. The New York Knicks ____ ____ home games at MadisonSquare Garden, in the heart of midtown Manhattan. (plays/play, its/ their )

Ex. 7. SINGULAR or PLURAL

(SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT)

Choose the correct words in brackets.

106. The first bridge to be built with electric lights ____ the Brooklyn Bridge. (was/were)

107. Some of the best _____ in the country _____ here tonight. (mind/ minds, is/are)

108. Most of the bones of a bird _____ hollow, with the interior honeycombed to give added strength. (is/are)

109. All of zinc’s five ____ _____ different mass numbers ranging from 64 to 70. (isotope/isotopes, has/have)

110. Any houses built in that development before 1970 _____ to be upgraded to meet current standards. (has/have)

111. In spite of what was decided at the meeting, half of the procedures _____ not changed. (was/were)

112. The more-or-less rhythmic succession of economic booms and busts _____ referred to as the business cycle. (is/are)

113. Most of the _____ in this day and age _____ computers rather than hand drawings to generate three-dimensional images. (architect/ architects, use/uses)

114. Every man, woman, and child in this line _____ required to sign the forms in order to complete the registration process. (is/are)

115. Each of the doctors in the building _____ to have a separate reception area. (need/needs)

116. Delta Air Lines _____ special deals and offers that _____ flying even more affordable. (has/have, makes/make)

117. All of NASA’s manned spacecraft ____ ____ headquartered at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston. (project/ projects, is/are)

118. The pants you bought for me ________ fit me. (doesn’t/don’t)

3. PRONOUNS

Ex. 8. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY and COMPOUNDS

Insert some, any, no or every making the appropriate compounds if necessary, e.g. somehow, anyone, nothing, everybody.

119. I’m afraid there isn’t ____ coffee left. Will you grind ____?

120. I met ____one you know last night.

121. Is there ____one here who speaks Italian?

122. We didn’t think he’d succeed, but he managed ____how.

123. Haven’t you got ____ friends here? You should join a club and get to know people.

124. ____one other than your sister will be appointed manager.

125. I ____how imagined the house would be much larger.

126. Grammar isn’t ____one’s idea of fun.

127. He’s not very well known here, but he’s ____one in his own country.

128. Where would you like to sit? — Oh, ____where will do.

129. The party was a disaster. ____body enjoyed themselves.

130. If ____body wants to leave early, they can.

131. Is there ____one living in that house? It looks deserted.

132. Would you like ____thing to drink? There’s ____ good beer in the fridge.

133. ____thing else but a major disaster will get us to realize that we can’t go on destroying the rainforests of the world.

134. The company reiterated to reporters that _____ has been dismissed because of the incident.

135. ____body loves _____body ______ time.

136. You can fool all the people _____ of the time, and _____ of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time. (A.Lincoln)

Ex. 9. ARTICLES and POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Insert a, an, the, or my, his, her, its, our, your, their if necessary.

137. She changed ___ shoes.

138. Why are you standing there with ___ hands in ___ pockets?

139. A happy dog wags ___ tail.

140. The bullet struck him in ___ foot.

141. He took ___ shoes off and entered on ___ tiptoe.

142. ___ windshield was smashed and the driver was cut in ___ face by broken glass.

143. He tore ___ pants getting over a barbed wire fence.

144. She pulled him by ___ sleeve.

145. I saw him raise ___ right hand and take ___ oath.

146. A wasp stung her on ___ nose.

147. “Pull up ___ socks,” said his mother.

148. He stroked ___ chin thoughtfully.

149. He is ___ thoroughly selfish man; he wouldn’t lift ___ finger to help anyone.

150. He punched me in ___ face!

151. You’ll strain ___ eyes if you read in ___ bad light.

152. You’ve got ___ shirt on inside out and back to front.

153. There was a shot, and a policeman came out with ___ blood running down ___ face.

154. She had a pain in ___ shoulder.

155. Each pot and pan in ___ kitchen has ___ own place on ___ shelf.

156. Superman made ___ comic debut in 1938 in Action Comics.

157. Almost half of the Pilgrims did not survive ___ first winter in ___ New World.

158. A star that has used up ___ energy and has lost ___ heat becomes a black dwarf.

4. PREPOSITIONS AND ADVERBS

Ex. 10. AT, IN, ON, TO

Fill the gaps in the following sentences from the above list.

159. I’m never ___ ease when taking a test.

160. I know I can rely ___ you to be here ___ time.

161. I saw him last ___ Easter Sunday.

162. We drove ___ Charlotte, North Carolina.

163. We stopped ___ London on the way ___ New York.

164. You can count me ___ — I haven't been ___ a ballgame ___ years!

165. Whales live mainly ___ plankton.

166. Children get presents ___ Christmas and ___ their birthdays.

167. He arrived ___ Rome ___ 6 p.m. ___ a foggy November day.

168. How do I get ___ the airport? — Turn right ___ the end of this street and you’ll see it ___ front of you.

169. He started going ___ school ___ the age of five. So now he’s been ___ school for thirteen years. He’s finishing ___ the end of this year.

170. ___ first I found the work very tiring, but ___ a few weeks I got used ___ it.

171. ___ the beginning of a textbook there is a preface, and ___ the end there is an index.

172. I saw Tom ___ the bus stop this morning but couldn’t speak ___ him because we were standing ___ line and he was ___ the front (of it) while I was ___ the back.

173. He’s always ___ a bad mood___ breakfast time.

174. Who is the girl ___ the blue dress, sitting ___ the head of the table?

175. The Loch Ness Monster is supposed to live ___ the bottom of the Loch and come ___ the surface from time ___ time.

176. You can’t say that he lives ___ luxury. There’s hardly any furniture ___ his room. He hasn’t even got a desk to write ___.

Ex. 11. AT, BY, IN, INTO, OF, ON, OUT, OUT OF, TO, UNDER, WITH

Fill the gaps in the following sentences from the above list.

177. Smoking is forbidden, so you should put ___ your cigarette.

178. According ___ legend, Betsy Ross designed and sewed the first American flag.

179. The average reader tunes ___ when confronted ___ big blocks ___ text.

180. I just don’t approve ___ your cheating ___ the exam.

181. I drove ___ the parking lot and joined the morning rush hour.

182. A bird flew ___ my bedroom this morning and perched ___ the curtain rod.

183. How do you go ___ school? — It depends ___ the weather. ___ wet days I go ___ subway; ___ nice weather I go ___ foot.

184. The car stopped ___ the traffic light and wouldn’t start again, so the driver got ___ and pushed it ___ the side ___ the road.

185. Don’t leave your luggage ___ the corridor. It’ll be ___ everyone’s way. Bring it ___ the compartment and put it ___ the rack.

186. He was charged ____ driving while ____ the influence of alcohol.

187. People who litter ___ the sidewalks are liable ___ a fine ___ $50.

188. The car skidded ____ the tree, the windshield was smashed and the driver was cut ___ the face ___ splinters ___ glass.

189. ___ 1958, the largest recorded wave, ___ a height of 1,640 feet, occurred ___ Lituya Bay, Alaska.

190. We were born ___ the same town and went ___ the same high school? Get ___ ___ here!

191. ___ most countries, anyone who is convicted ___ injuring or killing someone while ___ the influence ___ alcohol or drugs can be heavily fined, ___ addition to being given a lengthy prison sentence.

Ex. 12. AT, BY, DURING, FOR, FROM, IN, OF, OFF, ON, WITH, UNTIL, UP

Fill the gaps in the following sentences from the above list.

192. The tennis final was called ___ because of rain.

193. Tune ___ tomorrow, folks, for more up-to-date news.

194. All this happened ___ Easter week.

195. She’s a whiz ___ poker.

196. Children hate going to bed. They always want to stay ___ a little longer.

197. The Pilgrims longed ___ freedom ___ religious persecution.

198. ___ the age ___ 18, he was sent to prison ___ theft.

199. As the child was too young to travel ___ herself, they arranged ___ her to travel ___ the care ___ a friend of the family.

200. I’m very sorry ___ being late. It was nice ___ you to wait ___ me.

201. Remember to be ___ time ___ the opera because if you’re late, they won’t let you ___ ___ the end ___ the act.

202. I want two seats ___ Romeo and Juliet ___ Friday night.

203. What platform does the train ___ York leave from? — Platform 8, and you’d better hurry. It’ll be leaving ___ a minute.

204. When he gets back ____ the office, he expects his wife to meet him ___ the door ___ his slippers and have a hot meal waiting ___ him.

205. He was fined ___ parking his car ___ a no-parking zone.

206. In the discussion, Steve sided ___ the rest.

207. I always mix ___ the painters Monet and Manet.

208. You bet she’ll get all dressed___ ___ the party.

209. It is unlawful ___ parolees to associate ___ known felons.

210. The captain turned ___, not realizing that the icebergs were so close.

211. I want to raise a child who can stand ___ ___ his beliefs.

212. I must have dozed ___.

213. He was fumbling ___ the dark ___ the money he had dropped.

Ex. 13. MIXED

Fill the gaps in the following sentences.

214. Amelia Earhart, the first woman to fly solo ___ the Atlantic, disappeared ___ June 1937 while attempting to fly ___ the world.

215. Our image ___ a medieval king is ___ somebody ___ hundreds ___ servants waiting ___ His Majesty.

216. If you want to sleep ___ at your friend’s house, you must get permission ___ your mother.

217. She wept ___ the bad news. The paper was lying ___ her feet.

218. ___ the 1840s and 1850s, the Irish hoped ___ freedom ___ hunger.

219. How’s he doing ____ his English? — I don’t know. We’re not ___ the same class. But he gets ___ ____ the other students all right. He has lots ___ friends.

220. There is no point ___ going ___ car if we can’t park near the theater.

221. She made a point ___ coming late so that everyone would look ___ her.

222. If you do not comply ____ the traffic laws you will get ____ trouble ____ the police.

223. My au pair looks ____ my little boys ___ the afternoons. She’s very good ____ children.

224. Buying presents ___ children is sometimes very difficult. ___ the end I bought a kite ___ Tom and a flashlight ___ Ann.

225. "Take me ___ ___ the ball game,
Take me ___ ___ the crowd.
Buy me some peanuts and Cracker Jack,
I don't care if I never get back,
Let me root, root, root ___ the home team,
If they don't win it's a shame.
For it's one, two, three strikes, you're out,
___ the old ball game." (Song)

5. ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS

Ex. 14. ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS

Choose the correct words in brackets.

226. The speaker talked _______ about prehistoric fossils. (knowing/knowingly)

227. Our former neighbors' habit of throwing _______ parties that lasted late into the night _______ exasperated us. (loud/loudly, thorough/thoroughly)

228. Before sentencing, the judge _______ castigated the two young defendants for their malicious act of vandalism. (angry/angrily)

229. After she drank the lemonade, the cake tasted too _____ to her. (sweet/sweetly)

230. The neighbor appeared _______, in spite of the fact that his house was on fire. (calm/calmly)

231. Gwen was being facetious when she used the word "classy" to describe Bill's _______ colored necktie. (bright/brightly)

232. A baboon’s arms appear as _______ as its legs. (lengthy/lengthily)

233. In the Milky Way galaxy, the most _______ observed supernova appeared in 1604. (recent/recently)

234. Only about 25 percent of diamonds prove _______ for gemstones. (suitable/ suitably)

235. A Twitter page, _______ belonging to the teenage suspect, contains disturbing quotes, including discussions of addiction and terrors. (alleged/allegedly)

236. Why do you never take me _________? (serious/seriously)

Ex. 15. -LY ADJECTIVES

Choose the correct words in brackets.

237. The _______ reports need to be turned in at the next _______ meeting. (quarter/quarterly, week/weekly)

238. He did not have a _______ reaction to the _______ comments. (male/manly, negative/negatively)

239. The days she spent at the beach house were _______ and _______. (lone/lonely, solitary/solitarily)

240. Federal taxes are _______ taxes which must be paid every April. (year/yearly)

241. The _______ neighbor paid hourly visits to her _______ friend. (kind/kindly, unhealthy/unhealthily)

242. Do you want to go to the _______ movie or the _______ movie? (earl/early, late/lately)

243. Sarah offered me some _______ advice about how to deal with the _______ bad feelings. (friend/friendly, distress/distressingly)

244. The _______ outcome of the purchase of the _______ car is that he will not be able to pay his _______ bills. (like/likely, cost/costly, month/monthly)

245. She looked around the castle, the _______ breeze hitting her face from around every corner. (chilling/chilly)

246. Without doubt, Stanley's _______ intervention turned the tide. (time/timely)

247. It’s a ________ ________ restaurant and the food is ________ _________. (reasonable / reasonably, cheap / cheaply, extreme / extremely, good / well)

Ex. 16. PREDICATE ADJECTIVES

Choose the correct words in brackets.

248. The room was _______ with mosquitoes. (live/alive)

249. She left the door _______. (jar/ajar)

250. According to the report, the president was shot by _______ gunman. (a lone /alone)

251. There is to be a concert at the Albert Hall tonight. It is to be broadcast _______. (live/alive)

252. The _______ children were wakened by the _______ sound of the crashing thunder. (sleeping /asleep, loud/aloud)

253. The corporation hired private detectives to investigate _______ crusader because he had faulted one of their products. (a lone /alone)

254. Mark asked me to lend him some money to keep him _______. (float/afloat)

255. The _______ child cried for his mother. (frightened/afraid)

256. Dolphins and chimps are _______ in that they have been shown to have language skills. (similar/alike/like)

257. A giant effigy is set _______ at the climax of the annual Burning Man Festival in Black Rock Desert, Nevada. (blaze/ablaze)

258. Look _______! We haven't got all day. (live/alive)

259. Arn is an aggressive reporter, never _______ to ask difficult questions, hound evasive sources, or dig deeper when things appear suspicious. (frightened/afraid)

260. Laurie was _______ of the restaurant critic's powerful influence in the industry, so she became very nervous when she spotted him sitting at a table in her cafe. (ware/aware)

Ex. 17. PROBLEMS WITH USAGE OF LIKE, ALIKE and UNLIKE

Fill the gaps in the following sentences from the above list.

261. _____ the traditional fire engines, the new fire engines are yellow.

262. The insurance package offered by the company is exactly _____ the package our company offers.

263. The two girls were embarrassed because they were wearing _____ dresses.

264. _____ the Washington Zoo, the San Diego Zoo had several panda bears.

265. The two routes you have chosen for the trip are _____.

266. I cannot remember a _____ instance.

267. It is unfortunate that the covers for this year’s and last year’s albums are so _____.

268. There is nothing _____ a cold drink of water when you’re thirsty.

269. He works _____ a beaver.

270. She is _____ my sister in many ways.

271. _____ the restaurant where we usually eat, this new restaurant has early-bird specials.

272. The new piece that the pianist is preparing is _____ any she has ever played before.

273. It would be just _____ him to forget our appointment.

274. He thinks all politicians are _____.

275. The bones of mammals, _____ those of other vertebrates, show a high degree of differentiation.

276. My twin boys _____ dressing ________.

Ex. 18. PROBLEMS WITH USAGE OF OTHER, ANOTHER and (THE) OTHERS

Fill the gaps in the following sentences from the above list.

277. The _____ desk clerk must have put that message in your mailbox.

278. It is difficult to find _____ workers who are willing to work such long hours.

279. As some students moved into the registration area, _____ took their places in line.

280. Because they were not pleased with the hotel accommodations last year, they have decided to try _____ hotel this year.

281. The waitress will bring you _____ bowl of soup if you want.

282. The printer will not function unless it has _____ cartridge.

283. You should pack _____ pair of shoes in case that pair gets soaked.

284. Since the lamp you wanted is out of stock, you must choose _____.

285. It is essential to complete the first program before working on _____.

286. Pittsburgh has reduced its smog by requiring more complete oxidation of fuel in cars, and _____ cities can do the same thing.

287. _____ surprising method of forest conservation is controlled cutting of trees.

288. When he made several _____ big mistakes, he made his apologies to _____ in the office.

289. Before the administrator reads the stack of papers on his desk, he should sign the _____ that are on the file cabinet.

290. Perhaps the designer could select _____ styles if these are inappropriate.

6. AUXILIARY VERBS

Ex. 19. AUXILIARIES IN QUESTION TAGS

Add question tags to the following sentences.

291. The new clerk is very slow__________?

292. But he can improve, __________?

293. She doesn’t type very well, __________?

294. It doesn’t hurt, __________?

295. You didn’t do it on purpose, __________?

296. This won’t take long, __________?

297. We should go, __________?

298. It’s human, __________, to hope that peace among all people in the world is possible?

299. This will fit in your pocket, __________?

300. Prices keep going up, __________?

301. There’ll be a rail strike tomorrow, __________?

302. You never work on Sundays, __________?

303. Nice day, __________?

304. Give me a hand, __________?

305. Do sit down, __________?

306. Everyone’s ready to leave now, __________?

307. Nobody’s been told, __________?

308. Don’t forget, __________?

309. Nothing can stop us now, __________?

310. There won’t be any trouble, __________?

311. They used to play rugby, __________ ?

312. That was Mary on the phone, __________ ?

313. He used to eat raw fish, ___________ ?

314. Ann hardly ever cooks, ___________ ?

315. Neither of them offered to help you, ________ ?

Ex. 20. AUXILIARIES IN QUESTION TAGS

Add question tags to the following sentences.

316. He hardly ever leaves the house, _________ ?

317. Nothing went wrong, __________ ?

318. That’s better, __________?

319. There used to be trees here, ___________ ?

320. Nobody phoned while I was out, __________?

321. That’s expensive, __________?

322. Somebody borrowed my coat yesterday, __________?

323. You think you’re funny, __________?

324. So he won’t pay his bills, __________? We’ll see about that.

325. So you don’t like my cooking, __________? Then go and cook yourself!

326. You sold that lovely bracelet, __________? I’m sorry you did.

327. You left the gas on, __________?

328. You didn’t leave the gas on, __________?

329. So you thought you’d fooled me, __________?

330. [she was] Talking to my husband, __________?

331. Having a good time, __________?

332. Your mother is at home, __________?

333. I don’t think it’s easy, __________?

334. I’m your friend, __________?

335. You won’t be coming, __________?

336. We have to close the office, __________?

337. We had to close the office, __________?

338. You use the computer, __________?

339. You’re used to the computer, __________?

340. You used to use the computer, __________?

341. You never used to work Saturdays, __________?

Ex. 21. HAVE + OBJECT + VERB-FORM

Fill the gaps in the following sentences from the list: broken, changed, come in, complaining, damaged, doing, emptied, fill out, give, mow, photocopied, playing, (pulled) out, re-charged, replaced, sharpened, show, shortened, stolen, tell(ing), trim, tuned, tuned up, turned into, walking, wondering, working.

342. The pants are too long; I must have them __________.

343. I will not have my house __________ a hotel.

344. We had Roger __________ the lawn.

345. He had his wife __________ for him.

346. That’s a good piano but you should have it __________.

347. Why don’t you have the document __________?

348. Don’t shout! You’ll have the neighbors __________.

349. I had the barber __________ my hair.

350. The battery is all right now. I have just had it __________.

351. I won’t have you __________ me what to do.

352. I had Ray __________ me five dollars. (Compare and translate: I got Ray to __________ me five dollars.)

353. Have Mr Schultz __________ now, please. (esp. American)

354. I had everybody __________ a form. (esp. American)

355. Within five minutes, Archie had us all _______ hide-and-seek.

356. Be careful of those knives. I have just had them __________.

357. He had two teeth __________ .

358. I confess you had me _________ about her condition.

359. I'll have Hudson __________ you to your room.

360. Have you ever had your nose ___________?

361. She had me ___________ all kinds of job for her.

362. I won’t have you ___________home all by yourself.

363. She had her bag ___________ on the subway.

364. We had our car _________ by a falling tree during the storm.

365. Next week I'll go to the service center. I’ll have the oil ________, the engine _________, the tires _________, and the ashtrays _________.

Ex. 22. HAVE + OBJECT + VERB-FORM

Fill the gaps in the following sentences from the list: assigned, connected to, do, ending up, enlarged, identify, killed, laughing, pinned, remove, snatched, speaking, trying, walking.

366. I won’t have you __________ like that about your own father!

367. Pursuant to my regular professional duties, I had him __________ to a medical facility within the prison system.

368. It’s a beautiful photo. I’m going to have it __________.

369. We’ll soon have you __________ again.

370. We have them __________ radiation meters, so you can measure and record the dose level any place you go, automatically.

371. "What would you have me __________ , human?" the elf interrupted her.

372. It stands to reason his enemies would want his secrets before they have him __________ .

373. He slipped on the wet grass, and Chartersea had him __________ before he was on guard.

374. He had us __________ all through the meal.

375. We had him __________ to swim.

376. I've insisted my grandchildren learn how to support themselves, because I won't have them __________ useless parasites like Stella and her sister.

377. Airport security had everyone __________their shoes.

378. The police had the witness ___________ the thief.

379. Mary had her purse____________.

Ex. 23. IT IS / THERE IS

Insert it is or there is in the spaces. In some sentences negative and interrogative forms, or the past or future tense are required.

380. ______ ___ freezing outside tonight. ______ ___ ___ ice on the lake tomorrow.

381. Why don’t you go for a walk? ______ ___ a pity to stay in when ______ ___ so nice outside.

382. ______ ___ difficult to find your way round this town. ______ ___ so many streets all looking exactly alike.

383. ______ ___ a funny smell here. ___ ______ turpentine?

384. ______ ___ said that if you break a mirror you’ll be unlucky for seven years.

385. One night ______ ___ a heavy snowfall which blocked all the roads. Luckily ______ ___ plenty of food in the house.

386. I tried to buy some extra copies of this morning’s newspaper, but ______ ___ none to be had.

387. We’ve done all we can. ______ ___ nothing to do now but wait.

388. Just cross out that word and go on. ______ ___ not necessary to begin again.

389. ______ ___ to be a concert at the Albert Hall tonight. ______ ___ to be broadcast live.

390. Tell me something about King Lear. — ______ ___ the story of a king who divided his kingdom between his daughters. ______ ___ foolish to give away your property like that. ______ ___ never certain that your family will behave generously to you in return.

391. When a rib is fractured like that, ______ ___ the added danger that it will perforate an organ.

392. _____ ___ not the correct formula for calculating the circumference of a circle.

393. _____ ___ not enough to plan. You must execute those plans.

Ex. 24. PROBLEMS WITH USAGE OF MAKE and DO

Insert make or do in the spaces. Put the verbs in the correct tense.

394. You'll _____ a good lawyer.

395. This morning she _____ all the dishes.

396. Every time someone _____ an error in the program, several extra hours of work are created.

397. The robbery _____ the front page.

398. The clerk _____ away with the cash and checks.

399. The little girl dressed in a sheet and _____ believe she was a ghost.

400. The tropical climate _____ him in.

401. It's hard to get a decent job once you've _____ time.

402. During the war we had no butter or coffee, so we had to _____ _____ without them.

403. It is comforting to think that your work can _____ a difference.

404. The runner _____ a strong effort to increase her speed in the mile race.

405. It's not worth _____ a fuss over such a trifle.

406. The President _____ her his special envoy.

407. Mother and child are _____ fine.

408. It is a pleasure to work with someone who always _____ the right thing.

409. What do you _____ of it?

410. No matter what job she has, she always _____ her best.

411. In this job you will _____ more money than in your previous job.

412. I can't afford a new coat so I have to _____ _____ with this one.

413. The team _____ 40 points in the first half.

414. I hope that you will be able to _____ me a favor this afternoon.

415. Only about 3 percent of oil wells _____ a profit.

416. When he _____ several other big mistakes, he _____ his apologies to the others in the office.

7. SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES

Ex. 25. SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES.

Choose the group of words that best completes the sentence. Put the connector in the right place if necessary.

417. The building is quite vulnerable to damage _______. (until installed windows/installed the storm windows/until the storm windows are installed)

418. The mother is going to be quite upset with her son as long _______ so much. (as his misbehavior/as he misbehaves/he misbehave )

419. _______ as all the votes have not yet been counted, _______ the outcome of the election cannot be announced. (inasmuch)

420. According to the hypothesis in the study, the monarchs pick up the magnetic field of the _______ migrate by following magnetic fields. (target monarchs/target since monarchs/target since monarchs are/target)

421. If ultraviolet radiation enters the Earth’s atmosphere, _______ generally blocked by the ozone concentrated in the atmosphere. (it/it is/so it is/then it)

422. _______ the commandant left strict orders about the passes, _______ several soldiers left the post anyway. (though)

423. Case studies are the target of much skepticism in the scientific community, _______ used extensively by numerous researchers. (they are/are/yet they/yet they are)

424. Among human chromosomes, the Y chromosome is unusual _______ most of the chromosome does not participate in meiotic recombination. (in/so/and/in that)

425. The President of the United States appoints the cabinet members, _______ appointments are subject to Senate approval. (their/with their/because their/but their)

426. _______ show the relations among neurons, they do not preclude the possibility that other aspects are important. (Neural theories/A neural theory/Although neural theories/However neural theories)

Ex. 26. MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES.

Choose the right connector: how, if, that, why, what, whatever, whenever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever.

427. He always talked with _______ he pleased and did _______ he wanted.

428. The voters should elect _______ of the candidates seems best to them.

429. It was difficult to distinguish between _______ was for sale and _______ was merely on display.

430. The plane ______ he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed.

431. The car _______ I have been driving for five years is for sale at a really good price.

432. I made an appointment with the doctor _______ you recommended.

433. The neighbors reported the man _______ was trying to break into the car to the police.

434. The cars _______ are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for blocks.

435. The boss meets with any production workers _______ have surpassed their quotas.

436. Scientists are now beginning to conduct experiments on _______ noise pollution can trigger different sorts of health risks.

437. In a 1988 advanced officers’ training program, Sampson developed a plan to incorporate police in enforcing environmental protection laws _______ it is feasible.

438. The Apollo II astronauts _______ millions of the Earth’s inhabitants witnessed on the famous first moonwalk on July 20, 1969, were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.

439. _____ all police officers have at least four hours of hazardous materials response training is mandated by federal law.

Ex. 27. RELATIVES: DEFINING, NON-DEFINING and CONNECTIVE

Insert which, that, where, who,whom or whose.

440. The chair ____ I was sitting on suddenly collapsed.

441. We’ll have to get across the frontier, ____ will be difficult.

442. The roads were crowded with refugees, many of ____ were wounded.

443. Tom came to the party in patched jeans, ____ surprised the other guests, most of _____ were wearing formal attire.

444. He spoke in French. But the people to ____ he was speaking didn’t know it.

445. Two men, neither of ____ I had ever seen before, came into my office.

446. The woman with ____ he fell in love left him after a few weeks.

447. In prison they fed us on dry bread, most of ____ was moldy.

448. I would like to live in a country ____ there is plenty of sunshine.

449. We slept in the same room as a handcuffed prisoner, ____ handcuffs rattled every time he moved.

450. The riverbed is uneven. You may be in shallow water one moment and in deep water the next, ____ makes it unsafe for non-swimmers.

451. Mary, ____ children couldn’t swim, said that there should be a notice up warning people.

452. Tom tried on three jackets, none of ____ fit him.

453. In an ironic twist of fate, it was Jim ____ lived through the fire.

454. This office is organized into various departments, each of ____ is dependent upon the others.

455. The truck is carrying thousands of live chickens, ____ are suffering from dehydration.

456. David Cooper, ____ was beaten last night by a group of skinheads, is being released from the hospital today.

457. The most elegant dresses in her collection are those _____ she was given when she was working as a model.

Ex. 28. WHAT and WHICH

Insert what or which.

458. He didn’t believe ____ I said, ____ annoyed me very much.

459. ____ matters most is good health.

460. In detective stories the murderer is always caught, ____ doesn’t happen in real life.

461. Some of the roads were flooded, ____ made our journey more difficult.

462. I did ____ I could, ____ was not much.

463. The clock struck thirteen, ____ made everyone laugh.

464. When the mechanic opened the hood he saw at once ____ was wrong with the car.

465. The crime was not discovered till 48 hours later, ____ gave the criminals plenty of time to get away.

466. I may have to work late, in ____ case I’ll phone.

467. Show me ____ you’ve got in your hand.

468. ____ would you prefer, beef or lamb?

469. The frogs croaked all night, ____ kept us awake.

470. I don’t know ____ delayed the train, but it went much slower than usual, ____ made me late for my appointment.

471. He was fined $400, ____ we all thought served him right.

472. My neighbors on either side of me have painted their houses, ____ of course only makes my house look shabbier than it really is.

473. He said that ____ frightened him was the appalling silence of the place.

474. The oldest tree in this part of the world is the redwood, _____ may be thousands of years old.

475. _____ you are proposing is the antithesis of _____ I have been trying to accomplish for many months.

476. John missed the neighborhood in ______ he had grown up.

Ex. 29. WHATEVER, WHENEVER, WHOEVER etc.

Insert however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever or whoever.

477. You’ll never escape. He’ll find you, _________ you hide yourself.

478. _________ of you broke this window will have to pay for it.

479. _________ broke this window will have to pay for it.

480. I’d rather have a room of my own, _________ small, than share with someone.

481. The elevator works perfectly for Tom, but _________ I use it, the doors stick.

482. _________ told you I’d lend you $ 500 was pulling your leg.

483. _________ brilliant you may be, you can’t know everything.

484. Should I text or call? — _________ you like.

485. _________ rich you are, you can’t buy happiness.

486. We must finish tonight, _________ long it takes us.

487. _________ it rains, my roof leaks.

488. Mothers in this neighborhood are not letting their children out alone till _________ committed these murders has been arrested.

489. _________ my neighbor is cooking, there is a smell of burning.

490. We each draw a card, and _________ of us has the lowest card does the dishes.

491. He’s a phrenologist, _________ that is.

492. If he says, ’Heads, I win; tails, you lose,’ he wins _________ happens.

493. __________ good he may be as a person, he must be strictly punished.

494. It’s a casual party; wear jeans or a skirt or ___________.

495. ___________ do you want from me?

496. ___________ comes with you is welcome.

497. Take the eight o’clock or the nine o’clock bus, ___________ is more convenient for you.

8. INVERSION

Ex. 30. INVERSION WITH QUESTION WORDS, NEGATIVE WORDS and COMPARISONS

Choose the group of words that best completes the sentence.

498. Seldom _________ such mistakes. (their secretary has made/has their secretary made/has made their secretary)

499. Barely _________ the exam when the graduate assistant collected the papers. (he had finished/had he finished/had finished he)

500. On no occasion _________ that to me. (they said/did they say/said they)

501. Hardly ever _________ time off. (take he/he takes/does he take)

502. Never _________more insulted! (I have been/have I been/have been I)

503. No sooner ___________the test than her pencil tip broke. (had begun Luisa/Luisa had begun/had Luisa begun)

504. Little ____________ about nanotechnology. (I have read/have I read/have read I)

505. Individual differences in brain-wave activity may shed light on why some people are more prone to emotional stress disorders _________. (that others are/and others are/others are/than are others)

506. There are geographic, economic, and cultural reasons why _________ around the world (are diets different/differ diets/diets differ)

507. Only the pilot can tell you how far _________ on one tank of fuel. (can the plane go /the plane can go /can go the plane)

508. The professor does not understand why _________ poorly on the exam. (so many students did/did so many students)

509. The economic background of labor legislation will not be mentioned in this course, _________ discussed. (trade unions will not be/nor trade unions will be/nor will trade unions be/neither trade unions will be)

Ex. 31. INVERSION WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS and CONDITIONALS

Place words in the brackets in the right order. Where necessary, use inversion.

510. John would be studying the history of economic thought _____ he able to get hold of the book. (was/were)

511. In the Morgan Library in New York City _________ of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts. (a collection is/in a collection/is a collection/which is a collection)

512. _________ this town again, I would be delighted to show you around. (if you ever visit/should you ever visit/have you ever visit)

513. He might be a little more successful today _________ to do some hard work. (if he were willing a little more / were he a little more willing /was he willing a little more)

514. _________, it would be somewhat easier to get to know them. (to be our neighbors a bit more friendly/were our neighbors a bit more friendly)

515. He would have been in big trouble _________ the assignment at the last minute. (if he did not remember/had he not remembered/if he not had remembered)

516. There are plenty of blankets in the closet _________ during the night. (if should you get cold/were you get cold/if you should get cold)

517. Do you think that she would give the speech _________? (were she asked to do so / if were she to do asked so / was she asked to do so)

518. Were _________ millions of dollars each year replenishing eroding beaches, the coastline would be changing even more rapidly. (the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not spending/the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers does not spend/not spending the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)

519. _____________the problem, he wouldn’t have committed those mistakes. (understood he/ if he understood/ had he understood)

520. __________ to come, please call. (should you decide/ if you should decided/ should decide you)

Ex. 32. MORE SENTENCES WITH INVERSION

Choose the group of words that best completes the sentence.

521. Rarely _________ located near city lights or at lower elevations. (observatories are/are/in the observatories/are observatories)

522. Nowhere _________ more skewed than in the auto industry. (retail trade figures are/are retail trade figures/ retail trade figures)

523. Some fishing fleets might not have been so inefficient in limiting their catch to target species _________ more strict in enforcing penalties. (the government had been/if the government had/had the government been/if the government)

524. Potassium has a valence of positive one because it usually loses one electron when _________ with other elements. (does it combine/it combines/in combining/combination)

525. _________ test positive for antibiotics when tanker trucks arrive at a milk processing plant, according to federal law, the entire truckload must be discarded. (Should milk/If milk/If milk is/ Milk should)

526. Only for a short period of time _________ run