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A A New Era for Aircraft
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| в настоящее время / қазіргі кезде
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| горение / жану
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| combine
| сочетать(ся), комбинировать(ся), объединяться) /біріктіру
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| overall
| полный, общий / жалпы
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| помимо, кроме /одан басқа
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| обычный, стандартный / кәдімгі
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| resistance
| сопротивление / қарсылық, физ. - кедергі
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| efficiency
| производительность, КПД, эффективность /тиімділік, ПӘК пайдалы әсер коэффициенті
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| недостаток /жағымсыз жақтар, кемшілік
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| velocity
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| Le Bourget airfield
| аэропорт JleБурже /Ле Бурже әуежайы
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| the looks
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| succeeded in
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| heat-insulating materials
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| accounting for
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| by one-third
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| coolant
| охлаждающая жидкость / салқындатқыш
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| elongated fuselage
| удлиненный фюзеляж / ұзынша келген фюзеляж
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| prospective model
| перспективная модель / келешегі бар үлгісі
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| a new form of supersonic transport
| Новый вид сверхзвукового транспорта / дыбыстан да жүйрік шапшандығы бар көліктің жаңа түрі
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| without horizontal stabilizer
| без горизонтального стабилизатора / көлденең тұрақтандырғышы жоқ
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| combined engines
| комбинированные двигатели / біріктірілген қозғалтқыштар
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| one of the ways
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| at high velocities
| на больших скоростях / жоғары жылдамдықта
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| as economical as possible
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| the skin is heated
| обшивка нагревается / сыртқы қабаты қызады
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| lower atmosphere
| нижниеслоиатмосферы / атмосфераның төменгі қабатында
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| less than two hours
| менее двух часов / екі сағаттан аз уақытта
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| overall length
| общая длина / жалпы ұзындығы
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| cover the distance
| покрывать расстояние / қашықтықты өту
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| общий вес самолета /ұшақтың жалпы салмағы
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Aviation experts expect that today's aircraft will begin to be replaced with some new form of supersonic transport in a few years' time. A 21st century hypersonic aircraft may open a new age of aircraft design.
The designers of this country displayed the project of such a supersonic passenger liner among the prospective models at one of the latest Aerospace Salon held on the old Le Bourget airfield1 in Paris. An elongated fuselage with a sharp nose and without a horizontal stabilizer makes it look more like a rocket. The speed matches the looks2. This plane will fly at a speed five to six times above the speed of sound, e.g., it will cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. The diameter of the fuselage will be 4 meters and the overall length 100 meters, with the cabin accomodating300 passengers. The future superplanes of such a class will have no windows, but the passengers can enjoy3 watching the panorama of the Earth on the TV monitor at the front of the cabin. They will fly so fast that ordinary aircraft windows would make the structure too weak to withstand the stresses at such a speed. At high velocities the air resistance in the lower atmosphere is so great that the skin is heated to very high temperature. The only way out is to fly higher. Therefore, airliners' routes will mainly lie in the stratosphere.
In general, to build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to overcome a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties. Apart from creating highly economical combined engines and heat- insulating materials4, designers have to make such an amount of thermodynamic computations that can't be performed without using supercomputers. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is lightening the aircraft by substituting new composite materials for conventional metal alloys. Accounting for5 less than 5 per cent of the overall aircraft weight now, the percentage of composite material parts will exceed 25 per cent in new generation models. An extensive use of new materials combined with better aerodynamics and engines will allow increasing fuel efficiency by one-third6.
Because of the extreme temperatures generated by the atmosphere friction, a hypersonic craft will also require complicated cooling measures. One possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such as liquid hydrogen, as both coolants7 and propellants. The fuel flowing through the aircraft's skin would cool the surfaces as it vaporizes before being injected into combustion chamber.
In addition, specialists in many countries are currently working on new propeller engines considered much more economical and less noisy than jets. The only disadvantage is that propeller planes fly slower than jet planes. However, it has recently been announced that specialists succeeded in8 solving this problem. As a result a ventilator engine with a propeller of ten fibre-glass blades has been built, each being five meters long. It will bemountedintheexperimentalpassengerplane.