Examples on grammatical phenomena

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Examples on grammatical phenomena

«Noun chain» (многокомпонентные словосочетания, состоящие, как минимум, из 2-х существительных без предлога)

1. jib crane – кран с поворотной стрелой

2. overhead crane – мостовой подъемный кран, козловой кран

3. production apparatus purchase – закупка производственного оборудования

4. construction project – строительный объект

5. manipulator base – основание манипулятора

6. high-rise buildings – высотные здания

7. working distance – рабочее расстояние

8. support structure – несущая конструкция

9. superstructure design – проект наземной части конструкции

10. remote control – дистанционное управление

Passive Voice

1. The project was implemented in time. - Проект выполнили вовремя.

2. The system will be incorporated into the overhead crane. - Систему встроят в кран с поворотной стрелкой.

3. Сonstruction materials are processed using advanced technologies. - Строительные материалы обрабатывают с помощью передовых технологий.

4. The schematic diagram of the components can be used in assembly work. - Данную схему компонентов можно использовать в монтажных работах.

5. To implement mechanized construction systems, various components must be classified and then incorporated into systems appropriate for them. - В целях реализации механизированных строительных систем необходимо классифицировать различные компоненты и встроить их в соответствующие системы.

Term list

1. To implement the project	выполнять проект (осуществлять, вводить в действие, вводить в эксплуатацию)
2. Completed building	законченное строительством здание
3. To incorporate into system	встраивать в систему
4. Machinery	машины, механизмы, производственное оборудование, техника
5. Processing construction materials	обработка, использование в производстве строительных материалов
6. Manipulator	манипулятор, механизм для перемещения объектов
7. Overhead crane	мостовой подъемный кран, козловой кран (Кран представляет собой разновидность подъёмного крана, имеющего конструкцию, выполненную в виде опорного или подвесного моста. Краны оборудованы специальными грузозахватными устройствами и специальными механизмами для управления ими. К мостовым кранам общего назначения относят крюковые, магнитные, грейферные и магнитно-грейферные краны)
8. Jib crane	кран с поворотной стрелой (Краноснащен устройством, с помощью которого приводятся в действие механизмы и рабочее оборудование. Оно называется приводом и, обязательно, содержит источник энергии и устройство для ее передачи исполнительным механизмам и аппаратуре управления.)

Automation and Robotics in Construction XI

D.A. Chamberlain (Editor)

Totally Mechanized Construction System for High-Rise Buildings (T-UP System)

S. Sakamoto, H. Mitsuoka

Construction Technology Development Dept., Technology Div., Taisei Corporation, Sanken

Bldg., 25-1, Hyakunin-cho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169, Japan

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION AND THE COMPONENTS OF CONSTRUCTION METHODS

To implement mechanized construction systems, various components must be classified and then incorporated into systems appropriate for them. Both the classification of the components and their incorporation into systems is based on the characteristics of construction production, which are different from those of other types of industries. The three characteristics of construction production that are particularly relevant to the development of mechanized construction systems are as follows:

(i) Construction materials are diverse, and are usually heavy, thick, long, and large.

(ii) Construction products (completed buildings) are usually not movable.

(iii) Construction products, such as parts of buildings and completed buildings, usually occupy a lot of space.

Consequences of (i):

· Machinery for transporting and processing construction materials is large and exceptionally heavy, and requires structures that can stably support it.

Consequences of (ii):

· Machinery must be movable so proper working distances can be maintained as the shape and size of a building change with the advancement of construction.

Consequences of (iii):

· Machinery must work over large areas, thus support structures must be movable and supported by the ground or a manipulator base fixed to the ground.

Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the components of construction methods used in the application of mechanization to all construction work. A model outlining, with symbols, the components of construction methods is shown on the right side of Fig. 1. The three machinery systems for totally mechanizing construction are outlined below. Construction materials are usually heavy, thick, long, and large, and require large machinery; therefore, because of the time and expense involved, for temporary work it is inappropriate to individually fabricate and use these systems and to remove them after construction is completed. To deal with these problems, we decided to use the following procedures for each of these systems.

· Support for the manipulator base (S)

A floor is built six or seven floors above the lower working space of the superstructure. This floor is used as a support for the manipulator base.

· Base for manipulator (B)

The floor that will be the top floor, or quasi-top floor, when the building is completed, is used as the manipulator base.

· Manipulator (M)

Existing machines are used wherever possible. When new machines need to be developed, they are designed as modules so they can be used for other jobs and can be easily disassembled and transported.

Our new construction method is based on the S, B, and M systems and we have named it the T-UP System. The basic concept of this system is to develop a totally mechanized construction system.

2. APPLICATION OF THE T-UP SYSTEM

Of the combinations of components related to the mechanized construction described above, the form shown in No. 1 in Figure 3 was applied to the construction project outlined in Table 1.

Table 1. Construction Outline

Project Name	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Yokohama Building, Phase 1 Project
Location	3-3-1 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
Building Area	6,178 m^{^[1]}
Total Floor Area	110,918 m²
Floors	Two below ground, 33 above ground, and a tower
Structural system	Superstructure: Steel (S), substructure: Steel-reinforced concrete (SRC)
Height	145.3 m
Use	Offices, cultural spaces, retail spaces
Contractors	Taisei Corporation and 14 joint venture companies

2.1 Details of the Application of the T-UP SYSTEM

With T-Up System, the top floor is constructed on the ground and used as the support for the manipulator base. As the superstructure is assembled, this support is raised with machines such as overhead cranes and jib cranes. The overhead cranes are installed below the support and the jib cranes are installed above it. The key concept of the T-UP System is to use the superstructure as a production apparatus to the fullest possible extent. To realize this, the top floor (hat truss) is used as a production platform. The platform weighs about 2,000 tons and can be raised automatically by remote control from the central control room; it can be kept within 5 mm difference of level as it is raised. By controlling the platform in this way, the superstructure construction cycle can quickly advance. It looks as if the machining center is in the FA factory.

A construction project using the T-UP System is presently underway 30 kilometers west of Tokyo in the city of Yokohama. The project is scheduled for completion in March 1994. Photo 1 shows the overview of the project. Photo 2 shows the arrangement of the cranes on production platform. In Photo 2, В is the base for the manipulator, and will be the top floor.

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REFERENCES

1. S. Sakamoto and T. Yokuda, Application for Totally Mechanised Construction System for High-rise Buildings, 8th Construction Robot Symposium, AIJ, 1994.

2. S. Sakamoto et al., Automatic Measurement System applied at Totally Mechanised Construction System for High-Rise Buildings, 8th Construction Bobot Symposium, AIJ, 1994

3. T. Tawada, T-UP: Totally Mechanised Construction System for High-Rise Buildings, Symposium on Computer Building Science, 1993

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