Roads and Railways

Roads and Railways

The transport network spreads into all sections of the country, but the web of railways and highways is much more dense in the eastern half of the United States.

In the early 1990s the United States had about 6,24 million km of streets, roads, and highways. The National Interstate Highway System, 68,449 km in length in the early 1990s, connected the nation's principal cities and carried about one-fifth of all the road and street traffic.

More than 188 million motor vehicles were registered in the early 1990s. More than three-quarters were cars — one for every two persons in the country. About one-fifth of the vehicles were lorries. Amtrak (the National Railroad Passenger Corporation), a federally subsidized concern, operates almost all the inter-city passenger trains in the United States; it carried more than 22 million passengers annually in the early 1990s.

General understanding:

1. What were the first routes in the US?

2. When was the first transcontinental railway constructed?

3. What was the length of railroads in 1917?

4. When did air transport start to gain importance?

5. How many motor vehicles were registered in US in early 90s?

6. What is Amtrak? How many passengers did it carry annually in the early 90s?

ОП 4.9

Посмотреть фильм по ссылке и написать его краткое содержание в 10-12 предложениях:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKtTQNoNrxg

ТО 3.9

1. Записать слова и выражения в тетрадь:

guide the саг — управлять автомобилем

means of turning — средство поворота

front wheels - передние колеса

steering wheel — рулевое колесо

steering column — рулевая колонка

for this purpose — для этой цели

pivot — шарнир

swing (swang, swung) - поворачиваться

steering knuckle arm - рычаг поворотного кулака

tie-rod — поперечная тяга

in turn — в свою очередь

pitman arm - рулевая сошка

rack and pinion assembly — рулевоймеханизм с рейкой и шестерней

ball joint — шаровой шарнир

leverage — рычажный механизм

hose — шланг, рукав

steering gear assembly – рулевой механизм

rack and pinion type - реечно-шестеренчатый тип (рулевого механизма)

recirculating ball steering-рулевой механизм с шариковой гайкой

worm and sector — червяк и сектор

injury - повреждение

steering box - картер рулевого механизма

2. Прочитать текст:

Steering System

То guide the car, it is necessary to have some means of turning the front wheels so that the car can be pointed in the direction the driver wants to go. The steering wheel in front of the driver is linked by gears and levers to the front wheels for this purpose. The front wheels are on pivots so they can be swung to the left or right. They are attached by steering knuckle arms to the rods. The tie-rods are, in turn, attached (o (he pitman arm.

When the steering wheel is turned, gearing in the steering gear as- sembly causes the pitman arm to turn to the left or right. This movement is carried by the tie-rods to the steering knucle arms, and wheels, musing them to turn to the left or right.

The steering system incorporates: the steering wheel and column, steering gear, pitman arm, steering knuckle arm, front axle, steering knuckle pivot, tie-rods.

There are several different manual steering gears in current use, such as the rack and pinion type and the recirculating ball type. The

rack and pinion steering gear is widely used. Another manual steering gear which is popular in imported cars is the worm and sector type.

The steering wheel and column are the source of injury to the driver, air bags and other devices being developed now to safe the life of a driver.

Energy-absorbing columns must stop the steering wheel and column from being pushed to the rear as the front of the car is crushed in an impact.

Energy-absorbing columns must also provide the driver with a tolerable impact as he moves forward and strikes the wheel with his chest.

3. Ответить на вопросы к тексту:

4. 1.What mechanism is necessary to guide the car?

5. 2.How is the steering wheel connected to the front wheels?

6. 3.Why can the front wheels be swung to the left or to the right?

7. 4.What does the manual steering system incorporate?

8. 5.What types of manual steering gears in use do you know?

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