the Age of Exploration

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0-3 min.

Make questions to the underlined words in the following answers:

1. They smashed them in May of 1453.

2. They controlled much of southeastern Europe.

3. They used it in the Black, Adriatic, and other seas in the region.

4. It meant that European kingdoms and empires needed to find different paths to Afro-Eurasian trading routes.

5. They contested Portugal’s access to overland trade.

6. He came to be called The Navigator because he funded and encouraged exploration, the study of navigation, and the development of new tools to aid in navigation.

7. They were venturing southward along the Atlantic coast of Africa.

8. He made a spectacular hajj to Mecca in 1324-1325.

9. He had an entourage of 60,000 people including 12,000 slaves.

10. They made their way down the African coast.

11. They kidnapped them to sell into European slave markets.

12. They began dotting the coast with stone fortresses.

13. They partnered with African women.

14. They would be crucial for all European nations because they were the main force behind local markets and regional trade networks, and they provided essential connections to trade.

15. They offered African women access to new markets and access to new goods.

3.01- 6.11 min.

Do the following crossword and complete the gaps in the text with the words from it:

I know we’re all very accustomed to thinking of Europe as rich and Africa as poor, but that frame is both relatively new and way too … - the truth, as always, resists simplicity. So in 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, or, as it was called at the time, the Cape of Storms. And then the Portuguese ventured further afield into the Indian Ocean. When we talk about explorers and exploring, we often … images of … groups wearing hats trekking through empty lands in search of hidden treasures, but that was certainly not the reality when, for instance, Vasco De Gama reached India in 1498 and found a highly developed Indian Ocean commerce with trading posts run by sophisticated Muslim merchants. Da Gama’s instincts were to … and fight them and he did. And when the Portuguese reached Southeast Asia and China, they found a … of goods that Europeans came to crave and about whose production they hadn’t the slightest knowledge: colorful, washable cottons, and finely crafted porcelain, also tea. Where would we be without Tea? Well, I’d be fine, actually. I’d just drink coffee. What’s that? Oh, Stan informs me that coffee also isn’t from Europe. By the seventeenth century, the Portuguese were importing millions of pieces of porcelain into Europe along with lots of delicious spices. And spices were not only important for flavoring, but also for food preservation. Which I suppose is a kind of flavoring if you like your food to not taste ... Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. The Portuguese “empire” was, at first anyway, a trading empire, with small and … ships known as caravels patrolling ports and collecting large fees. The wealth would be extracted from controlling shipping and trading routes, as the Ottomans were doing in the eastern Mediterranean. In contrast, the Spanish empire, which began in 1492 with the exploratory voyages of Genoese ship captain Christopher Columbus, was based on colonies - that is, rather than controlling trade routes, the empire would control the land itself and the people who lived there, and extract wealth from them to enrich the empire. Columbus was a student of geography and maps and he’d lobbied the Portuguese king to back his voyages. But when that didn’t go to plan, he headed for Spain to petition its devoutly Catholic rulers, Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon. These two monarchs were finishing up the drive to expel Muslims from Spain and to force Spanish Jews to convert to Christianity. But religious … wasn’t cheap. The motto of the Iberian pathfinders - God, gold, and glory - perfectly described their ambitions. Although perhaps not in that order. Hopping the islands along the African coast and using the trade winds, Columbus’s ships made it to the Caribbean islands, and his crews, which tellingly included both … and bankers, found signs of gold but not great quantities of it. However, they did find people to enslave, and because no one knew the size or shape of the Americas, there was the … hope that gold or other riches might lie just on the other side of this river, or that mountain. Thanks Thought Bubble.

the Age of Exploration

Complete the crossword puzzle below:

Created using the Crossword Maker on TheTeachersCorner.net

Down

2. concentrating on the most important meanings or aspects

3. characterized by resolute fearlessness, fortitude, and endurance

5. continuing forever in the same way

8. the official leaders of the religious activities of a particular group of believers

Across

1. able to move quickly and easily

4. unfair or cruel treatment over a long period of time because of race, religion or beliefs

6. (verb + preposition) make a picture or idea appear in someone's mind

7. a large amount or supply of something

9. to threaten with violence, danger, etc.

10. covered with a soft, green or gray growth that develops on old food or on objects

⮿

6.12-8.55 min.

Join the parts of the sentences:

a. From the perspective of European explorers,

b. The colonization model that Spain adopted was built on the idea

c. Much of the wealth was generated by these empires

d. The purpose of the systems that were built to support the colonies

e. From the perspective of indigenous people living in colonized communities,

f. Waves of ambitious sailors followed Columbus,

g. Another breakthrough occurred in 1519-22,

h. Magellan had alienated members of the Portuguese court,

i. The conditions and Magellan’s no-nonsense discipline caused mutinies

j. After finding the straits at the tip of South America,

k. The voyage arranged and headed by Magellan was a revelation:

l. The Spanish could now stock their new world settlements

m. The Spanish could fill their coffers from profits

i. when Ferdinand Magellan’s Spanish ships circumnavigated the globe.

ii. with Chinese and Indian luxuries by crossing the Pacific.

iii. was to extract wealth and convert people to Christianity.

iv. searching both North and South America for extractable wealth.

v. it opened the world up to global transportation, exchange and settlement.

vi. and other problems which Magellan also handled harshly.

vii. that colonies existed for the benefit and enrichment of the colonizers.

viii. by claiming human beings as a form of property.

ix. in New World goods by crossing the Atlantic.

x. and he found no backing for his proposed trip there.

xi. these lands were new, and potentially very lucrative.

xii. the fleet set sail across the Pacific, eventually returning to Spain.

xiii. colonization meant impoverishment in many forms.

8.56-11.48 min.

Choose the correct option:

1. Spanish invader Hernan Cortés came in contact with indigenous people in present-day

a. Mexico.

b. Nicaragua.

c. Honduras.

2. Montezuma II led a vast empire that stretched to present-day

a. Panama and Honduras.

b. Honduras and Nicaragua.

c. Nicaragua and Mexico.

3. Francisco Pizarro was filled with awe when he saw the superb textiles and silver and gold objects crafted by

a. the Aztecs.

b. the Incas.

c. the Dominicans.

4. Francisco Pizarro created thousands of miles of roads and efficient institutions to hold their vast empire together

a. along the east coast of Mexico.

b. along the west coast of present-day South America.

c. along the south coast of present-day North America.

5. Both Pizarro and Cortes relied on help from rival indigenous communities to help them …the Incas and Aztecs.

a. unify their efforts with

b. secure support from

c. take control from

6. By marrying the local…, the conquerors got insider information and local networks.

a. noble women

b. female warriors

c. female merchants

7. Iberians were incentivized to set sail by their poverty and by their …faith.

a. Protestant

b. Catholic

c. Orthodox

8. Iberians were disadvantaged by a comparative lack of

a. weaponry.

b. sailing prowess.

c. manufacturing skills.

9. Iberian caravels were…, and they could be loaded with cannons.

a. fast

b. slow

c. heavy

10. The Portuguese borrowed the use of triangular sails from

a. the Vikings.

b. the Arabs.

c. the Romans.

11. Iberians employed a range of … - technology generally taken from other cultures.

a. artefacts

b. weapons

c. navigational instruments

12. Cartographers created portolan charts indicating coastal dangers and …

a. good harbors.

b. accommodation.

c. local landmarks.

13. Apart from astrolabes, quadrants and compasses, seafarers used

a. barometers.

b. weather maps.

c. chronometers.

14. John Green’s clock cost

a. eight dollars.

b. six pounds.

c. six dollars.

15. When sailors chart longitudinal location, they need to know

a. their altitude.

b. the time.

c. their previous location.

11.49-14.50 min.

Put the statements in the correct order:

a. Voyaging and conquering produced a lot of tension between the Iberian kingdoms.

b. The Spanish uncovered a huge deposit of silver in Potosi, and conscripted indigenous people to do the most dangerous work in the mines.

c. Various go-betweens, including translators, connected Europeans and local people.

d. One local group would lead the charge against another in the conquest of both Central America in the 1520s and the Inca Empire in the 1530s.

e. Europeans learned about trading procedures, sources of goods, and the means of judging quality.

f. A treaty was signed that set bounds for Spain and Portugal in the Indian Ocean and Pacific regions.

g. The huge influx of wealth to Spain and Portugal reshape power in Europe and also life everywhere else.

h. Malinche facilitated the passage of Hernan Cortes and his army across Mexico and into the capital of the Aztec empire.

i. The Treaty of Tordesillas provided a permanent line of demarcation west of the Cape Verde islands off the Atlantic coast of Africa.

j. The local inhabitants’ lack of resistance to European diseases was probably a more important factor than weaponry in conquest.

k. Violence, enslavement, and European diseases led to the deaths of approximately ninety percent of the indigenous American population.

l. Go-betweens who knew about the hostilities among different local groups used them to help mobilize support for the Europeans.

m. Local traders served as intermediaries for the artisans in crafted products.

n. Colonization proved extremely lucrative for Spain and Portugal, which accumulated wealth within a century.

o. Early European explorers were able to navigate the seas due to the expertise they gained from local people.

p. A treaty sponsored by the Church eventually settled disputes between Spain and Portugal over territory that each was claiming.

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