Минский государственный лингвистический университет

Минский государственный лингвистический университет

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Taliban Thomas Ruttig, co-founder and director of AAN, stated in August 2017 that the Taliban remain ‘[...] the strongest component among the insurgents by far.’ The Taliban leadership ruled Afghanistan between 1996 and 2001 and regrouped after its removal from power. According to Antonio Giustozzi, scholar and author of several books on the Taliban, the Taliban ‘[…] does not have a unified shadow government.’ The Taliban have several commissions, among them a military commission and a command structure with, at the lowest level, field commanders overseeing individual groups of fighters. The governing structure and military command is defined in the Taliban’s Layha or Code of Conduct. The Taliban issued their first Layha in 2006; the most recent one was published in 2010.The present leader of the movement is former Taliban chief justice Haibatullah Akhundzada. He is reportedly a member of the Noorzai tribe from Kandahar. Serajuddin Haqqani and Mullah Mohammad Yaqub, son of Mullah Omar, have been announced as deputies. The Taliban refer to themselves as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. After the announcement of the death of Taliban leader Mullah Omar in 2015, a group of Taliban led by Mullah Mohammad Rasoul split away from the mainstream Taliban. This faction, known as theIslamic Emirate High Council of Afghanistan (IEHCA), is reportedly active in western Afghanistan. Mullah Rasool was arrested by Pakistani authorities in 2016. His group clashed several times with the Akhundzada-led Taliban in the last years, e.g. in the province of Herat in 2018. In June 2018, the Rasool Taliban reportedly agreed to a truce with government forces. According to the US military news website Stars and Stripes, ‘in announcing its cease-fire, it acknowledged it was reciprocating the government’s eight-day truce, unlike the main Taliban group, which had earlier announced a three-day cease-fire during the Eid holiday without mention of Kabul’s peaceful gesture. According to the Pakistani newspaper Daily Times, IEHCA might disintegrate as two of its key figures left the group tojoin the main faction of the Taliban in late 2018. In a report on recruitment to the Taliban, Landinfo, the Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, categorised Taliban fighters into two types: full time professional fighters, often recruited in the madrassas, and part-time local fighters, loyal to a local commander and embedded in the local society. Giustozzi estimated the total manpower of the Taliban to exceed 200 000 in 2017, of which 150 000 were reportedly fighters. Approximately 60 000 of these were members of full-time mobile units, while the remaining were part of local militias. Giustozzi however estimated that the number of full-time fighters active at one and the same time within Afghanistan rarely exceeds 40 000. InJanuary 2018, an unnamed US defence official cited in the media estimated the total Taliban strength in Afghanistan to be 60 000, though the same article cites the Long War Journal (LWJ) stating this wasa ‘low-end estimate’. According to Giustozzi, fighting is mostly carried out by full-time fighters of the mobile units. In 2015, the Taliban established a ‘special forces’ unit named Red Unit or Red Brigade (‘sraqet’a’ in Pashto). The fighters of the Red Unit are better equipped and trained. They are generally used as a‘rapid reaction force’ for quick interventions and special operations. At the end of 2017, thestrength of the Red Unit was approximately about 7 500 fighters. The large majority of the Taliban are still Pashtuns, ‘although there is a growing minority of Tajiks, Uzbeks, Baloch, and even several hundred Hazara members (including Shias).’ In some northern areas, the Taliban are reportedly already predominantly non-Pashtun, as they draw recruits from the local population. The 2018 spring offensive of the Taliban was named ‘al-Khandaq’, referring to a seventh century battle in which the forces of the Prophet Mohammed prevailed over a month-long siege of Medina by Araband Jewish tribes. Prior to the start of the Taliban's spring offensive, the government forces conducted a pre-emptive strike against various insurgent groups throughout Afghanistan termed Nasrat (meaning victory in Arabic). According to UNAMA, between January and September 2018, civilian casualties from ground engagements reached their lowest level since 2013. Among other reasons, this might be attributed to a shift of strategy by the insurgents towards an increased usage of suicide Improvised ExplosiveDevices (IEDs). UNAMA however noted that the decreasing number of civilian casualties ‘[...] also suggests that parties undertook measures to protect civilians from harm during ground operations.’

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