Insulators

Gases are, in general, poor conductors of electricity. This is because the atoms or molecules are usually too far apart to allow a free exchange of electrons. But if a gas becomes ionized, it is a fair conductor of electricity.

Electrons in a conductor do not move in a steady stream, like molecules of water through a garden hose. Instead, they are passed from one atom to another right next to it (Fig. 1-5). This happens to countless atoms all the time. As a result, literally trillionsof electrons pass a given point each second in a typical electrical circuit. You might imagine a long line of people, each one constantly passing a ball to the neighbor on the right. If there are plenty of balls all along the line, and if everyone keeps passing balls along as they come, the result will be a steady stream of balls moving along the line. This represents a good conductor.

If the people become tired or lazy, and do not feel much like passing the balls along, the rate of flow will decrease. The conductor is no longer very good.

Insulators

If the people refuse to pass balls along the line in the previous example, the line represents an electrical insulator. Such substances prevent electrical currents from flowing, except possibly in very small amounts.

Most gases are good electrical insulators. Glass, dry wood, paper, and plastics are other examples. Pure water is a good electrical insulator, although it conducts some current with even the slightest impurity. Metal oxides can be good insulators, even though the metal in pure form is a good conductor.

Electrical insulators can be forced to carry current. Ionization can take place; when electrons are stripped away from their atoms, they have no choice but to move along. Sometimes an insulating material gets charred, or melts down, or gets perforated by a spark. Then its insulating properties are lost, and some electrons flow.

An insulating material is sometimes called a dielectric. This term arises from the fact that it keeps electrical charges apart, preventing the flow of electrons that would equalize a charge difference between two places. Excellent insulating materials can be used to advantage in certain electrical components such as capacitors, where it is important that electrons not flow.

Porcelain or glass can be used in electrical systems to keep short circuits from occurring. These devices, called insulators, come in various shapes and sizes for different applications. You can see them on high-voltage utility poles and towers. They hold the wire up without running the risk of a short circuit with the tower or a slow discharge through a wet wooden pole.

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